Formative Assessment Essay

The Rape of the Lock, written by pontiff in response to a feud betwixt two friends about the theft of a lock of hairsbreadth, is revolutionary in its evolution of the comic satire genre into the field of epic poetry.Pope, an avid disciple of the Greek epics (he produced his own translations of some that provided much of his income during his life), takes the basic skeleton of an epic its structure, critical content and even linguistic points and crafts most the skeleton a verse form of wit and comedy that is at its core epic, but also uses this very epic backbone to undermine its tales own importance and to satirise the content that has been moulded around the form. This creation from Pope marks the offshoot of the epic genre, transforming it into mock epic, an independent genre that bears many of the traits of its forebearer in a new light.The transformations to the epic that Pope undertakes in the Rape of the Lock to satiric effect can be broadly split into transformations of heroic content and transformations of heroic actors line. The former can be all the way observed here Pope takes a staple of epic writing, heroic implementry, and twists its use to his satirical needs. The weapon itself is given, by means of the use of a similar description, suitable place with great weapons desire Agamemnons sceptre, whose lineage was used to reinforce Agamemnons dominance and power in the Iliad, being forged by Hephaestus and own by the Gods from Zeus to Kronos.Belindas weapons lineage is far less great. Instead of a scepter, the weapon of kings and priests in Homers writing, Belinda wields a bodkin, a hair needle. Even that difference itself is satirical Agamemnons kingship is of great import to the Iliad so the parallel with a bodkin, which links to the hair in question much like the scepter links with kingship, makes a clear statement on the relative importance of the quarrel in the Rape of the Lock.The lineage too satirises the pointlessness of challen ge no claim of divinity (and thus righteousness) is made on the part of Belindas weapon in fact its lineage mainly consists of feminine objects with the just male mentioned in its lineage also being the only one to explicitly be mentioned dying. Perhaps Pope, often accused of being somewhat sexist, is victimization this contrast and development to imply that the whole issue is a womans trifle and nothing next to the male quarrels of Achilles and Agamemnon.On top of this, the weapon is not the fixed centre of the lineage as in the Iliad, in which the weapon started as a divine weapon and stayed that way. Instead the object is uncertain it starts as signet rings, develops into a buckle and then becomes a bodkin. Pope changes up the epic formula of the mighty weapon into something changeable and thus insignificant, paralleling with the argument he is satirising, the implication being that it is insignificant and will easily be forgotten. The weapon also shows another perversion of th e epic poem that Pope uses.Protection, be it through armour or weaponry, tends to have a high place in the Greek epics. Heroes often wear famed suits of armour or use shields/weapons to proceed insurmountable odds (for example the reflective shield in Perseus tale in Ovids Metamorphoses that slays Medusa). This element of protection, divine or otherwise, is a theme that Pope subverts consistently. From the slyph Ariel who is half dissolvd even by light to the Cosmetic powers of her dress and make-up, nothing effectively protects Belinda.The bodkin is no different, it fails to protect her locks from being cut in the initial case, and here, although she uses it to attack the Baron, it fails to return its charge, her hair, to her. Pope is modernising traditional epics, using these typical protections to mock high societies fixation on appearance. All of her outward facing knockout and quaint bodkins cannot protect her from the advances of a single man, so what, Pope asks, is the use of all this artifice? Pope also mutates generic language elements from epic literature for his satirical intentions.In this passage, the clearest example is in his use of the ten syllable rhyming heroic couplet. Pope takes the rhyme of the couplet and uses it to link unneurotic two separate words or ideas, often to a comical effect. Here, in the lines, Nor feared the chief the unequal fight to try, Who sought no more than on his foe to die. Pope has the first line of the couplet set up the Barons bravery by expounding his fearlessness in armed combat against Belinda in unequal combat (ironic in itself due to Belindas natural weakness compared to his manly strength referred to in the next couplet) before defeating the heroic xpectancy with a sexual pun the phrase to die holding at the time a dual meaning referring to sexual climax, and often premature climax at that. His heroism is built up and destroyed within a couplet with the contrast of noble bravery and base desire providing a humorous and satirical twist on the typical heroism of the heroic couplet by suggesting that the drive behind the Barons actions is, at its deepest level, sexual, rather than noble or courtly.

Gatorade †Every Game Needs a Hero Essay

The commercialized is about the new Gatorade commercial entitled Every Game Needs a champion. The commercial uses stop motion to gas an ongoing plump for. With its monochromatic form, the only thing that can be viewed in full color is the Gatorade item that can be found on the incline where the water jug must be found in. The commercial uses the song O-fortuna by Therion, which is a very famous song used as soundtrack in a lot of suspense, actions, and adventure movies. Several sports were featured like baseball, basketball, football and tennis. Finally, the commercial made its subjects moved by exemplifying the climax of the game, hand in hand with inspirational short phrases. Moreover, a grand finale is set by showing the Gatorade logo in the end.By watching the commercial, it is indeed evanesce that the commercial is a type of brand Advertising. In this case, Gatorade has promoted its brand by using famous sports personalities to persuade people to buy its product. Gatorade is an energy drink accommodate to fight dehydration. Every athlete exerts their full force when playing a game and because of that, they partially or fully lose the water levels in their tree trunk causing them to dehydrate. With Gatorades goal, to re-hydrate, replenish and refuel, it is certainly effective to use some sports personalities to endorse its product. In their website, they are fully promoting that Gatorade is faster to absorb that water in rehydrating an active persons body.The commercial, in my opinion as the bystander, is very easy to like. When I first watched it, it is undeniably eye-catching. The commercial implies a lot of crotchet in which a viewer will not hesitate to watch it until the end. The special effects used in this commercial, although not new, were very effective. The opening conniption was stunning especially when everyone can relate to the visuals presented on the first frames of the commercial. When it sum ups to the music used, I personally l ike it, not to mention I am a big fan of the band Therion, but also because it is very familiar to everybodys ear. The music used as part of the effects of every game was very effective.On the other hand, there are still some aspects in the commercial in which I, as the viewer will be competent to dislike. If I didnt see the Gatorade jug on a part of the commercial and instead, jumped on the middle or latter part of it, I would neer have thought that its from Gatorade. The stop motion thing is good but was poorly edited or visually criticized. Also, the Gatorade thing in this commercial was poorly emphasized as well as the message is quite vague. The theme every game needs a hero is quite hazy as delivered in the commercial. It comes in a way in which leaving me, as a viewer confused by finding out who the hero was, is it Gatorade or the sports personalities? I may even think that the hero is me.By interpreting all the thoughts gathered in watching this Gatorade commercial, I hav e come to a wrap-up thought that Gatorade is just simply emphasizing that everyone can become like any other sports personalities just by putting Gatorade beside them. The commercial put a lot of energy in me, in which I would not hesitate to watch it over and over again. It affects most to those who really love sports. In contrast, it may minimally affect those who have no heart for any sport activities. However, the commercial is stunning especially is viewed first time. All in all, I could say that the commercial is exceptionally effective.

Ellen Foster Object Relations Essay

Ellen Foster is a ten-year-old, Caucasian, female who perplexs a series of traumatic events during her childhood. These traumatic events include her witnessing domestic violence in the home, her mothers suicide and subsequent physical, sexual and psychological abuse by her alcoholic father, her maternal nan and other relatives (aunts and cousins on the mothers side). Ellen shuttled from home to home, staying for a short season at the home of her teacher, then to different relatives homes, to finally a shelter home where she eventually resides.Ellens pertly mama, as she refers to her, is a practically better role model then she has ever experienced before. crude Mama is supportive and nurturing towards Ellen. Ellen reports that government and church funding support the cherish family. She has no siblings. Ellen is intelligent and enjoys doing artifice. She often rides a pony at her new foster home. Ellen misses her mother, and longed for a caregiver before she had new mama. T his is evident when she reports eaves dropping on a colored family and started making a list of all that a family should bring in.Of course, in that location is the mama and the daddy but if superstar has to be missing then it is OK if the one left stinker count for two. But not near bothbody set up count or more than his or herself (p. 67). She often sought help from her auntie Betsey and neighbors. Her mother, father and grandmother, or mamas mama as Ellen calls her, are all deceased. The grandmother was old and abusive towards Ellen forcing her to officiate the fields with the colored field hands on her farms in the middle of a suffer hot summer until give instruction started.Ellen eventually becomes the caregiver and raisemaid to mamas mama after the grandmother fires all of her household servants. Despite Ellens care and good schools for her, the grandmother despises her because she is convinced that Ellen was in cahoots with her father in abusing her daughter, tak ing her revenge appear on Ellen since the father is dead. Ellen has a popstrip friend, an Afri poop Ameri feces girl named Starletta, Since Ellen alike(p)s Starletta, and she struggles with her own burgeoning racism. She has beliefs about African Americans that are mainly negative.Ellen eventually realizes that race occupys no difference in the quality of the person. Ellen enjoys art and come acrossing with her microscope often fantasying about being a scientist on the brink of a new discovery that will change mankind. She sees a counselor at school on Wednesdays. Ellen does not enjoy doing therapy and has negative transference towards her counselor. Presently she is seeing me for therapy. She can be aggressive, defensive and competitive at times at school. During one session Ellen reported that her counselor asked her about her last name because Foster isnt her real last name.She did not want to discuss it any further. Perhaps she chose the last name Foster from her label as a foster child. Object Relations As stated by Lesser and pope (2011) according to object relations theory, human assumement takes place within the context of relationships (p. 69). British object relation theorists, Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, and Harry Guntrip introduce definite and useful ideas about what internal object world, or the inner world, consists of. The inner world includes representations of self and other, representations structured by thoughts, recollections, and occurrences within the external world.A representation has a lasting continuance in the inner world and although it begins as a cognitive structure, it eventually takes on a profound emotional meaning for the person (Berzoff, Melano-Flanagan, & Hertz 1996). The word object is set apart from the subject. The subject is the self and the object is the part outside the self, the object is what the self identifies with, encounters, wants, has uncertainties about, feels denial about, or absorbs. In Freudia n drive theory and in ego psychology, the term object is sometimes used in reference to people.The word, object, in drive theory can be to some extent depersonalized, because the word essentially does exemplify a thing not a person as in the object of ad-lib impulse can literally be the breast(citation). In psychodynamic theory the word object, usually refers to people, but other objects such as cooking, art, pets, or can become objects when they are profoundly and representatively connected to powerful object experiences in the inner world. Some of Ellens physical objects are her microscope, her encyclopedias, her money, and her art supply.A guess about Ellens inner world and what these object represent is that her money could represent an insurance plan, in case things go wrong. And her microscope, her art, and her encyclopedias represent an escape for her and they in like manner represent hopes for the future. Klein (1948) was the first theorist to revise Freuds notion of the object by giving more consideration to the interpersonal environment in deciding its influence in developing personality. She amongst other object relations theorists now defined the target of relational needs as a concept cognize as relationship seeking.Klee 2005 stated that relationship seeking is the belief that through relationships with significant people in our lives, we take in parts of others (objects) and gradually develop a self-structure that we ultimately call a personality . This mental process by which a person changes the regulatory features of her environment into internal regulations and features is called internalizing (Lesser & Pope 2011). D. W. Winnicot (1958), a pediatrician and psychoanalyst, is influential in the field of object relations theory, gave great consideration to the notion of being alone.He believes that the ability to abide, take pleasure in, and employ healthy solitude could be refined, ironically, only in the proximity of another. If aloneness is experienced as desolate, isolated, or miserable, it becomes agonizing. This can happen is a child has been neglected. In this situation, the inner world is not filled with enough soothing figures. On the contrary, aloneness becomes likewise excruciating or insufferable for the child, if the inner world is too crowed with peril and abusive figures who offer neither protection, reassurance, nor tranquility.The ideal environment for the emergence child to share experiences with the soothing figure for a period of time and to experience time alone to reflect and to adventure on the childs own (Berzoff et al. 1996). Klein (1948) described six early processes and primitive defenses developed from early sister years. Projection is when the infant believes an object has characteristics that are in fact the infants own feelings. Introjection is the mental desire in which the infant consumes the perceived in the world.Projective identification is creatively splitting off a part of one self and ascribing it to another in order to control the other (Berzoff et al. 1996). Splitting occurs when a child cannot interrupt conflicting thoughts or feelings in the mind at the same time, and therefore instead of integrating the two thoughts or feelings the child focuses on just one of them. A split can take any form, from visual appearance to concepts and ideas. For example, a frequent split is into good and bad.The good part is preserved and valued at the same time the bad part is wrestled with or repressed. In extreme case of schizophrenia, when a part of the self linked with one of the screen out thoughts, and another part of the self is linked with another, the person is then split (Berzoff et al. 1996). Idealization is a defense used to keep painful and unacceptable feelings out of consciousness. The feelings that are troublesome are usually the same feelings that people often want to reject anger, disappointment, envy, sadness, desire, and greed (p. 145).Devaluatio n is the opposite of idealization and is a defense tool used to reject troublesome feelings such as neediness, weakness, insecurity, envy, or desire (p. 146). A person who denies desire through devaluation ends up feeling smug and tiptop but quite alone (Berzoff et al. 1996). An important developmental point in object relations is the depressive position according to Klein (1948). The depressive position is constantly maturing throughout a persons deportmenttime. Feelings of remorse, grief, and the yearning for atonement take hold in the developing mind in the depressive position.The person now recognizes the ability to cause harm or push a means a person who one undecidedly loves. The defenses attributed to the depressive position include the manic defenses, such as preoccupation for reparation. As the depressive position causes growing integration in the ego, prior defenses shift in the character, becoming less powerful, allowing the character to move into psychic reality (Ber zoff et al. 1996). Throughout this turbulent time in Ellens life she is experiencing many new relationships and is relationship seeking with many adults. These adults are supposed to be caregivers for her.These people are her mother, father, her grandmother, Julia, Aunt Betsy, Aunt Nadine, and new mama. There is a time after Ellens mother dies that I feel she is too alone, in agreement with Winnicot (1958). Ellen often reports that when she would come home from school it was already dark and he had the lights on. I went in and did not speak to him. I did not speak to him or else I stayed outside most of the time (p. 24). She utter that her father was drunk all the time, often passed out, she was alone and eventually she had to take care of the bills.There are other times when Ellens life is overflowing with abusive adult figures in her life. On New Years Eve, Ellen cl masterminded that a bunch of black drunk men came into her house with father. My daddy showed up at my house less a nd lesshe did show up on New Years Eve. Of course I went and hid when I heard him and a whole pack of colored men come in the door (p. 36). Ellen is frightened when this happens often elbow greaseing to escape through a window in her room. In accordance with Winnicot (1958), aloneness becomes too much too bare for Ellen and she feels the need to hide.Her inner world is too crowed with threatening and abusive figures who are threatening her safety. The whole mothers side of the family overcrowds Ellens inner world too. This is a risk for Ellen, because disruptions in object relations may result in an inability to fall in love, emotional coldness, apathy or withdrawal from interaction with others, co-dependency, and/or extreme need to control relationships (Berzoff et al. 199670). Ellen attempts to control Starletta as much as she can through projective identification she splits off a part of herself and attempts to control Starletta.Ellen often tells Starletta what to do, for exampl e one day when Ellen was over Starlettas house and she wanted to play, however Ellen thought to herself and told Starletta the following Starletta still had on her nightgown and she needed to be washed. You got to wash before I will play with you is what I told her (p. 31). She taped Starlettas crayons back together after she broke them. She would often talk down to Starletta Tell your Mama I thank her I said to her. Say it over in your head and out loud so it will not leave your head (p. 52).This relationship may unconsciously aim to get rid of unmanageable feelings for Ellen and help her deal with these feelings. Ellens relationship with grandmother is toxic at best. In the beginning, Ellen thought that her grandmother might like having a girl around the house, even though she is not a vision(pg), but Ellen said she had good intentions. In my opinion, good intentions meant she wanted to have a relationship with her grandmother. The grandmother wanted to punish Ellen for Ellen and her father causing her daughters suicide. Ellen confronts her grandmother, asking her why she hates her so much.Ellen asked her grandmother Well I know you hated my daddy but what about me? Why cant you see that I am not like him? (p. 78). The grandma lashes out at Ellen with an onslaught of abusive hurtful words directed towards Ellen to break her down. Ultimately, that is what Ellen does she shuts down. So I decided to spend the rest of my life making up for it. Whatever it was. Whatever I decided I one day I actually did (p. 78-79). Ellen is in the depressive position, she feels guilty about everything for her mothers death, for her fathers death, and then for the grandmothers death when she passes.Ellen utilizes her manic defenses, in my opinion, when she finds the grandmother dead and decides to dress her in her Sundays best clothes and surround her with flowers in order to break amends with her guilty feelings. I made her like a present to Jesus so maybe he would take her. Ta ke this one I got prettied up and mark it down by name to balance against the one I held from you before. be sure I get the credit for it and if you can please show me some way that you and me are even now (p. 92). Ellen becomes slightly preoccupied with reparation.Ellen begins to move past this phase when she moves in the home of her Aunt Nadine. Object relations can be applied to Ellens traumatic past and helps to identify some significant points in her life that she would like to work in future treatment. A pleasant thing about object relations is that as the therapist and diligent collectively examine the patients internal world and its effect on the patients relationships, the patient and therapist are in a relationship as well. In this way, patient and therapist have an existing shared connection that both can study and learn from (Berzoff et al. 996). Sociocultural Theory Sociocultural theory stemmed from the work of psychologist Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky (1934/1986) felt that human cognition was innately social and language based. Vygotsky believed inner speech is qualitatively distinct from normal external speech. It is language, advanced during the earlier years, and progressively improved during the middle years (where Ellens age lies) that actually aids in giving the older child the capability to organize things mentally earlier than by using concrete items (Lesser & Pope 2011).As Berk 2003 stated Vytgotsky felt that children speak to themselves for self-guidance he felt language was the foundation for all high cognitive processes, including control attention, deliberate memorization and recall, categorization, planning, problem solving, abstract reasoning, and self-reflection (p. 257). One of Vygotskys concepts is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The ZPD is the difference between what a child can achieve when workings by themselves and what the same child can achieve when given assistance from someone with the necessary knowledge (Wertsch 1985).Vygotsky viewed the ZPD as a way to better explain the relation between childrens learning and cognitive development. The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill attained by the child working alone this lower limit can also be accredited to as the childs actual developmental level. The upper limit is the level of latent skill that the child is able to reach with the assistance of a more capable instructor (Wertsch 1985).. A concept associated with ZPD is the concept scaffolding.It is essential to make a note that Vygotksy never used this concept in his writing introduced by David Wood, Jerome S. Bruner, and Gail Ross (1976). Scaffolding is a process through which a mentor or more competent peer helps a person in his or her ZPD learn for as long as necessary and tapers off until the student no longer needs the mentor, much like a scaffold is detached from a building when construction is finished or deemed stable (Wood et al. 1976).Vygotsky viewed make-believe play as the vital context for development of self-regulation. Despite the fact that Ellen is ten years old going on eleven years old, this still pertains to her. relieve oneself is full of shared dialogue and development-enhancing skills. Vygotsky takes make-believe to the next level making it a important part of development a distinguishing, experiential ZPD in which children try out a wide range of difficult skills and learn culturally valued skills developing a significantly stronger capacity for self-regulation

Book Review.. Law and Society

Slavery, Law and Society in the British Windward Islands 1763-1823 kinfolk 29, 2011 Lecturer Dawn M. McNeil Reviewed by Natasha Stewart DR BERNARD MARSHALL (2007) SLAVER, LAW AND SOCIETY Published by Arawak Publications ISBN 976 8189 81 9 (hbk) ISBN 976 8189 27 4 (pbk) One of the just about course of studyic courses that are undeniable for matriculation into law school is law and society. This is due to the item that this course covers interaction in the midst of Law and Society from a historical, stintingal, political, sociological perspective of Caribbean societies, from primitive to transitional and also modern societies.It incorporates trends of law enforcement as well as current social and technological changes that influence society. It is premised on the fact that law has a critical function in all practices of social conduct. though not the exact words of lecture McNeil, they were enough to servicing me to understand the vastness of this course. Therefore upon her i nstructions to review the defend Slavery Law and Society, I was nigh enth utilise, as I intended to fill with an objective that would seize me to understand more about the laws of knuckle downry and their impacts, the composition of society and to compare it with the society we corroborate today.As I thought that this would allow me to be spirit of this course of study. My attention was also naturally drawn to the author Bernard set, as I think he did a great commercial enterprise in compiling this case study. Nonetheless, I feel privilege to know that my review o this book will ultimately make it better, turn self-aggrandising me knowledge of a society that I fortunately escaped.The book slavery law and society is a comparative study, which looks at the political, economical, legal and social action of a majority black population, a minority white population and a relatively large amount of free colored in St Vincent, Tobago, Dominica, Grenada and the Grenadines between the years 1763 to 1823. This period marks a relevant and vital time in the narration of the Caribbean and the importance of these Windward Islands to French and British economy. These two European nations stood in constant conflict over wealth and ownership of these islands.Thus building our understanding of how Caribbean register in these islands was developed. Bernard Marshall assessed the relationship between unlike groups in society, with special attention placed on the enslaved population who were in constant resistance of slavery, especially the maroons. Throughout the sixty years of slavery, many writers have analyzed the nature of slavery in some of the more popular Caribbean islands, however it must be noted that this book is the first to help with understanding the nature of the slave system in these four important communities.At a time when slavery and plantation ownership was very important to the economic success of the planter class, the nature of the slave society was examined and critiqued in this study. Special emphasis was placed the political, social, religious, economic and legal organizations of these islands. Nonetheless there was decline which brought into question, the importance of a seemingly redundant enslaved population. Bernard however, presents a harsh historical reality, which was seen in the most inhumane activities meted out to mankind, which is the trans-Atlantic slave trade.During that period the establishment of sugar plantations required purchasing of land, plantation buildings, equipment and upkeep of ones own labour force which translated into large expenditures for example a sugar e assign in St Vincent that contained 442 nation was 74,035 pounds. Funds were secured to purchase such an estate from the mercantile houses in the metropolis. When the economy declined and prices stipendiary for crops were reduced, many planters defaulted on their loans and went bankrupt.This period saw many such declines and personnel casualty for planters, whether for economic reasons or as a direct result of the many revolts that were carefully planned and executed by the slaves seeking freedom and social status. To go out the Caribbean is very familiar to almost everyone, due to the contributions of historians, sociologists, lecturers and legal scholars. Nonetheless, only this writer has sought to give a comparative analysis of these communities as they are for the most part ignored in most readings of Caribbean history, though same were the experiences of these islands in the era of slavery.The role of law was carefully examined and most importantly, its relationship with economic, political and social livelihood of persons in these communities. Marshalls study provides adequate insight into the society of slavery in an ignored area of the Caribbean history. It must be noted that while the whips and the other physical brutal methods of control were deemed effective to control the slave population. A critiq ue of religion was also evident as it was used as an effective form of social control which made the slaves subservient to their masters.The book is mostly viewed from a Marxist perspective therefore the function of law was an prick of the ruling class. This authority created an exploited Caribbean society by colonial rule whose authority was justified by the existing political and judicial precedents created by them and used to keep the less fortunate Africans and free coloured in check. Marshall showed how the law worked in favour of the ruling class, those who owned the means of production. This aspect of Marshals analysis can be compared to present day societies, where preference is given to the big man.Law is a coercive order.. the norms which form a legal order must be norms stipulating a coercive act, e. g. a sanction, the evil applied to the violator of the order when sanction is socially organized, consists in a deprivation of possessions- life, health, freedom or property . As the possessions are taken from him against his will, this sanction has the character of the measure of coercion a social order that seeks to contain about the desired behavior of individuals by the enactment of such measures of coercion is called a coercive order. The laws of the islands recognized the owners right to his property in the slave, and protected right from violation by others. Therefore various acts were passed to govern the every movement of slaves. (Slave laws of 1768) In an attempt by the minority white to curb social stability, laws were designed to push actions such as rebellions, robbery, running away, arson etc, the actions were severely punished, in fact, dealt was the ultimate.The responsibility of punishment was given to the police, who ensured that laws were upheld. The law was therefore seen as a weapon of social control that worked in the interest of the minority white population. It was used to dehumanized the African population in a most barbaric a nd unthinkable way. The ruling class fashioned its own brand of social engineering to support a system of racial inequality and exploitation. In the period between 1763-1773, Great Britain acquired what was well known as the British Windward islands.An economy which was initially based on the production and trade of cocoa, c rancidee, raciness and tobacco was now changed into one based on sugar production. This lead to the immediate migration of white owners who could not compete with the emerging sugar industry and inflow of slaves. this lead to a cultural change of the society into that of which was centered around the sugar industry, slavery and a dominating planter class. The history of slavery in the British Windward islands indisobly and extricably linked to the expansion of the sugar industry.Ever since 1773, sugar had gained a position of first rate importance in the plantation economy. A position which it maintained throughout the period of this study, to almost the total neglect of other kinds of economic activities. For instance, in St. Vincent after 1773, tobacco cultivation was carried out by the Black Caribs only, and following their expulsion in 1797 it was most likely to be abandoned. Report from the island in 1788 also revealed that the culture of coffee and cocoa was cosmos pretermit by planters.This aspect of history saw decline in the economy of these islands due to revolts by slaves and other economic reasons such as cut off of trade with America, knowing that this trade with America was vital to the survival of plantation economy. In Grenada and St. Vincent, production level fell, while prices also declined presenting famine in these islands. French rule played a significant role in the losses suffered by these islands. Nonetheless, the treaty of Versailles gave back to Britain these islands.British were well interested in the American rum and liquor, which were relatively cheap and affordable, thus inviting the interest of the Britis h to trade for a profit in their market. The economy suffered extreme effects of war, of which the planter class was seemingly unaware. Through Marshalls theses, revelation was made of economic politics which resulted in revolts of the whites, mullatos and slaves. Slave rebellion in Tobago between the years 1770 and 1773 saw 80 whites killed. These revolts were influenced by other revolutionary wars, such as French Revolution, American Revolution and enlightenment thinkers.Passive and submissive behaviors were thought to the slaves by Christian missionaries. In a report submitted to the Privy Council in 1788 it was asserted that if they (the slaves) receive punishment for misdemeanors, though they might seem too severe, the brethren have no phone line to interfere this policy was perused by the Moravian Brethren in Tobago. In addition, they preached the virtues of obedience, submission and diligence to their converts and by doing so they made a fairly significant contribution to th e bread and butter and stability of the slave society.The brethren had no choice than to adapt to these policies of the planters, since their focus should be on conversion of the heathen to Christianity. Failure to comply would result in them being forced to leave the islands. When in 1799 Brother Schirmers went to say the last word to a slave who was about to be executed, this was what he said Though God is merciful and gracious and forgives repenting sinners, yet he also executes his vengeance against those who persist in sin and commit iniquity with greediness and has authorized the powers he had established in the world, to do the same. Even after the abolition of slave trade in 1807 the lives of slaves still had no value to the planter class. The inferiority of lightlessness slavery was still polished in their minds, and this harsh trend has been brought down into our societies today. The thought that slave trade was abolished and slaves could now buy their freedom was a most welcomed notion by the slaves, however this was a mere dream in reality, as the price to purchase such freedom was unattainable. In St.Vincent, one slave out of every 630 gained his freedom each year in Grenada, one out of every 408 in Dominica 1 out of every 90 and in Tobago one out of every 832. The slave society in the new world and Brazil remained fairly closed. Slave societies in the Windward Islands and other islands of the raw world such as Brazil are quite similar, regardless of a few supersticial differences. Nonetheless, Marshalls contribution to slavery in these islands is laudable a great deal of achievement, however, many generations to come, will encounter different articles on slavery.Perceptions of slavery might change in future references. However the touch and nature of slavery will be the theme for many great writers, who will borrow from Marshalls study of these Windward Island. A objurgation of Marshalls theory links it to a cohesive society with shared nor ms and values and similar goals and objectives. Nonetheless, this text was a well researched on, based on various references provided from other writers to substantiate information given. The relevance of this study to my course of study was what gave me the drive to continue reading Marshalls ork. It was quite informative on the other hand it could have been far more concise, as there was too much repetition of points that were made clear in previous chapters. The dates though very important, were overused and at some points they were not significant, and caused me to lose focus on many occasions. A book of this nature which caters to a wide ordain of intellectuals, specifically university students should have been vetted thoroughly to avoid spelling errors and incorrect grammar.I also found that paragraphs were exhausted and one point either overlapped into another or it was too long. Marshalls study of these islands was somewhat limited as it could have incorporated more impact s of the outside world on these plantations, such as the rise to industrialism and enlightenment, impact of French revolution, slave actions in other Caribbean territories, works of humanitarians etc. all the aspects of slavery impacted the windward islands, but Marshall paid little attention to them.I think however that had he made relations to more similarities between these islands and other well written about Caribbean territories history of slavery, then he would attracted more authors of this school of thought to add the history of the windward islands into their writings of Caribbean history and slavery. Though I am appreciative of the fact that this study gave me extended knowledge of Caribbean history, which I very much appreciate, I think that this source was not one of the more captivating piece of Caribbean history that I have read, and if not for a specific purpose I would not be enthused to read it again.Though a local case study, the book is nevertheless an important contribution to the history of slavery in the Caribbean and in the New World in general. 1 . Hans keelson, general theory of law and state 2 . House of commons Accounts and papers, volume xxvi,1789 3 . Periodical accounts, volume ii extract from brother Schirmers diary.

Importance of Literature Essay

Literature is the foundation of life. It places an emphasis on some topics from kind tragedies to tales of the incessantly-popular await for love. While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its big businessman to pass over the complexity or simplicity of the text. Literature en equal to(p)s stack to see through the lenses of others, and sometimes regular(a) inanimate objects therefore, it becomes a looking glass into the world as others view it. It is a journey that is sculptured in pages, and powered by the imagination of the contributor.Ultimately, lit has provided a gateway to teach the reader most life experiences from even the saddest stories to the most joyful ones that will touch their hearts. From a very young age, many are exposed to publications in the most stripped down form picture books and unsubdivided texts that are mainly for the sole purpose of teaching the alphabet etc. Although these are not clo se to as complex as an 800-page sci-fi novel, it is the first step that many take towards the literary world. Progressively, as people grow older, they explore other genres of books, ones that propel them towards curiosity of the subject, and the overall book. breeding and being given the keys to the literature world prepares individuals from an early age to discover the true importance of literature being able to comprehend and understand situations from many perspectives. Physically speaking, it is impossible to be someone else. It is impossible to switch bodies with another human being, and it is impossible to completely understand the complexity of their world. Literature, as an alternative, is the closest thing the world has to being able to understand another person whole-heartedly.For stance, a novel about a treacherous war, written in the perspective of a soldier, allows the reader to envision their memories, their pain, and their emotions without actually being that person. Consequently, literature push aside act as a time machine, enabling individuals to go into a specific time period of the story, into the mind and intelligence of the protagonist. With the ability to see the world with a pair of fresh eyes, it triggers the reader to reflect upon their own lives. Reading a material that is relatable to the reader may teach them morals and encourage them to practice good judgement.This can be proven through public school systems, where the books that are emphasized the most tend to get down a moral-teaching purpose behind the story. An example would be William Shakespeares stories, where each one is meant to be wistful of human nature both the good and bad. Consequently, this can promote better judgement of situations, so the reader does not find themselves in the same circumstances as perhaps those in the fiction world. Henceforth, literature is proven to not only be reflective of life, but it can also be use as a guide for the reader to follow and practice good judgement from.The world straightaway is ever-changing. Never before has life been so chaotic and challenging for all. Life before literature was applicative and predictable, but in present day, literature has expanded into countless libraries and into the minds of many as the gateway for wisdom and curiosity of the human mind and the world around them. Literature is of great importance and is studied upon as it provides the ability to connect human relationships, and define what is right and what is wrong. Therefore, words are alive more than ever before.

Audience Analysis Essay Essay

Audience AnalysisThe manoeuvre audience for this rhetorical analysis is my classmates. The audience can not be grouped by age, as there be those who meet finished high school as well as tidy sum in their forties. The gender of the audience is composed of both men and women of all ages according to the information I found in our introduction to the class.To prepare this rhetoric analysis we volition have to read the stage and do some research about the author. This information will be presented in our analysis and it will be interesting to see what others have found and how they presented in their analysis.What the audience has in common is that we are all studying the same class, and therefore, we have all read, Im O.K., just Youre not by Robert Zoellner. Although the audience is diverse in age, gender, and background, we can all have an opinion of the reading material. any(prenominal) of my classmates will be adequate to agree with my analysis/opinions and others will disagr ee. But that is the beauty of having an audience so different. Not only I will be able to express freely what I think, still I can also hear the point of view and opinions of my classmates.Two Sets of RulesRobert Zoellner is an American reliever born(p) in 1926 in Denver, Colorado. Among Zoellners interests we found that he likes hiking, backpacking, skiing, ecology, and preservation of environment. He was also a particle of the Modern Language Association in America. He is the author of Im O.K., but Youre Not where he talks about The Floating Opera by John Barth. In this impertinent Barth tells us how ordinary things that happen to people on a daily basis. Which was Zoellners inspiration to write Im O.K., and Youre Not. This is short and personal story about Zoellners experience with an aged snobbish couple in the restaurant. This story begins with the author is trying to have a happy and commonplace eat in a restaurant. He is a heavy- polecatr so he requests the air hostess to be stick in the smokers section of the restaurant, in order to be polite with other customers. The hostess gave him a submit on the dividing line between the gage and nonsmoking sections (28). The author uses a very(prenominal) descriptive way to refer to an elderly couple, well dressed and kind of snobbish, who sat down five feet external from the authors table, in the non-smoking area. The author was smoking and the gentleman with his magisterial white hair, as Zoellner set forth the old men, asked him to please pulley block smoking. The problem here was the way and the tone of how this old man asked Zoellner to stop smoking, it was self-righteous and peremptory (28). The old man requested him to stop smoking in a very imperative way that is why Zoellners response was that he was not going to stop smoking because he was in the non-smoking area of the restaurant. The author is aware that cigarette smoke is annoying for people who do not smoke, and even more if they are in a restaurant. In other circumstances he would have stop smoking out of simple courtesy.Robert Zoellner has a very exquisite selection of dustup that makes easy to the reader to see a perfect picture of what is happening in the story. The author uses just a few words to describe in details a scene like having breakfast in a lawn-bordered restaurant on College avenue (Zoellner 28) or at a little two-person table on the dividing line between the smoking and non-smoking section(28). The author gives a specific geographic inclination of where he is at.So far, the author has expound how he started his day at the restaurant in judgment of conviction for breakfast. Briefly described where he was sitting, and also described the old couple sitting next to him.. after(prenominal) Zoellners negative response, the old couple ate their eggs-over easy in hurried and sullen clam upthey got up, paid their bill, and stalked out in an ambiance of affronted righteousness and affluent propriety (29). At the sentence that the old couple came out of the restaurant, they went to their automobile, a white Mercedes Benz, where two splendid matched pair of pedigreed poodles (29) were hold for them. When they opened the door of the car, the dogs went directly to the restaurants lawn to make their needs. After thisscene, the four of them marshalled their collective dignity and drove off in a dense cloud of blue smoke- that lovely white Mercedes was urgently in need of a valve-and-ring job (29). The author, once again, described in detail what is happening at the moment. The authors intention is to take the reader to the scene of the incident to be part of the story and be able to make an opinion about what have just happened. So far, everything the author has narrated, makes the reader feel kindliness for him. The author achieves this reaction in the readers by using a sarcastic tone to avoid display frustration or anger.The old man requested the author, in a very authoritar ian way, to put out his cigarette, which was reason enough for Zoellner to deny his request. And after the old couple finished their breakfast in a rush, they went to their car, took the dogs out and allowed them to do their business right in lawn of the restaurant. So, for the old couple it is terrible to smoke in the restaurants smoking section, but it is not terrible at all not to clean after your dogs poop. Which is a clear example of double standards.Robert Zoellner, also goes further and lets his imagination fly. question if the old man polluting the atmosphere by setting his fireplace with moss rock and also fertilizing his impeccable garden, but as the author stated this is pure and unkindly speculation (29). And not only that, Zoellner also described the way their old white Mercedes Benz polluted the air. The author also stated as a degenerative smokestack. I normally comply, out of simple courtesy, with such a request (29), but in this effect the old man manners made hi s request be rejected.The way the author give a lot of simple details, helps the reader to make a visual idea, giving the reader the sensation of watch a movie instead of reading a book. The authors intention was not to justice the old couple he just gave us the facts of what happened that day at the restaurant. He uses a sarcastic tone and humor to gain the readers understanding and empathy. And in this ordinary day, with this not out of the ordinary story, he makes the reader think about double standards that everybody face in a daily basis.Works CitedRobert Zoellner. coeval Authors Online. Detroit Gale, 2002. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.Robert Zoellner. Im O.K., Youre Not. The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. Ed. Stephen Reid. 9th ed. pep pill Saddle River, N.J. Pearson, 2011 28-29. Print.

Globalization and Transnational Terrorism Defined Essay

The world outrightadays is facing what is terrorism. act of terrorism shadow be defined as the threat or use of violence with the intent of causation fear in a target group, in order to achieve some objectives e. g. political , where as globalisation is a process rather than an outcome. It is best defined as the expanding scale, growing magnitude, speeding up and compound impact of interregional flows and patterns of interaction. 4 Todays globalization is a product of the 1990s. globalization is a critical feature of the context in which multinational terrorism has grown.Despite the tendency to placement the current transnational terrorist threat as having spiritual inspiration, it is more accurate to see it as existence motivated, at least in part, by the inequalities amid nations as well as within them. It was later Sept. 11th when the US was attacked by the terrorists , the truly discourse of international relations and global politics has been transformed. in the le ad the event of Sept. 11th, the important and most talked about issues were geo-economics in nature. International Submits and organization had agendas of globalization and humanitarian.But now geopolitics and security concerns ask once again become the central issue . There were m all improvements regarding politically front where there became a consensus that democracy was not alone the best but also the only legitimate carriage of organizing modern polities. the globalization of the economy was a foregone conclusion as nations move to liberalize their economies in order to live up to the new standards set by the World profession Organization whereas In the social bena, lifestyle and tastes shaped by multinational consumer corporations were well on the way to pitch the global popular culture.But just after the Sept. 11th event there was wide sense of insecurity that because of terrorism inspired the US economy and the government, the two most important forces croup global ization, and that has resulted in a reassertion of sovereignty by the US and other nations. The fear that liberal standards are facilitating terrorism is causing the US and other European Union members to control transborder transactions. There are efforts to city block the resources moving from one place to another and this has lead to greater scrutiny of banks and setting up of unmitigated measures that will prevent the flow of capital.There is a trend todays more visa restriction , keeping an eye on the foreigners just because to prevent any mishap. Governments are engaged in international cooperation in order to monitor the flow of information, people and monies across countries. These measures have resulted in the change of priorities in which means that cost is now second to security. If this state of affairs persists, globalization be slow down and the very instruments that facilitate and accelerate globalization will be blunted.Globalization and Transnational terrorism s pecify Before exploring the relationship between globalization and transnational terrorism, it is very necessary to understand what often politicized and misinterpreted terms. Globalization is a process rather than an outcome. It is best defined as the expanding scale, growing magnitude, speeding up and deepening impact of interregional flows and patterns of interaction. Modern globalization has taken place in three forms economic, cultural and political, separately with its distinct features and effects.Transnational terrorism is terrorism that has transcended the confines of the territorially defined nation-state in terms of some(prenominal) its objectives and operations. Transnational terrorist groups are usually characterized by a universals ideology, enhanced mobility and parley networks, multinational sources of recruitment and funding, and cross-border operations. Kegley, (2002) Globalization as a Motivation for Terror Globalization is a critical feature of the context in which transnational terrorism has grown.Despite the tendency to view the current transnational terrorist threat as having religious inspiration, it be of no doubt that a part of transnational terrorism is motivated by the inequalities between nations as well as within them . Globalization has its fair share of discontents, while terrorists have forever aimed to exploit the frustrations of the common people. Stapley , (2006). Globalization, in its various penetrative forms of westernization, secularization, democratization, consumerism and the growth of market capitalism, represents an onslaught to slight privileged people in conservative cultures.It is certain by means of globalization U. S threaten traditions, religion and way of life, while bringing unfair distributions of wealth and power. This way, the growth of disgruntled communities has proven to be the autochthonic source of recruitment and brook for transnational terrorists globally. Nassar(2004) Through Cultural glob alization western life and value are projected throughout the world via media and internet. Because of this some Countries feels this has an attack on their religious teachings and cultural traditions, and is generating movements of resistance, including support for transnational terrorism.Finally, terrorism can most importantly be traced to a fundamental motivation the fight back for power. US has been very much benefited by the Political globalization where they formed strong alliances with national governments, including despotic and oppressive ones. US in order to protect its strategies interests finishs its military might internationally, it also supports oppressive regimes and its the armorial bearing of US forces in Saudi Arabia, are some of the things that is not accepted by many countries.Therefore, to the extent that the economic, cultural and political dimensions of the US-led global order impinge upon and undermine Middle Eastern and/or Moslem ways of life, or at l east are seen to do so, it elicits from militant Islamists and their supporters violent responses framed in the idiom. Nassar (2004) Globalization as an Enabler of Terror While terrorism aims to repel US-led globalization, it has concurrently harnessed globalizations features in three primary ways, Through the exploitation of new technologies. Global financial networks. reduced barriers to cross-border interactionsBecause of the preceding(prenominal) points modern transnational terrorism is and can be very dangerous. Globalization has enabled transnational terrorism through the exploitation of new technologies . Globalization age is known as the Information Revolution age , where novelty of computing , telecommunications and data transfer overlyk place . Making a proper use of these technological advancements such(prenominal) has internet , mobile phones and satellite telecommunications terrorist related activities have increased their efficiency , coordination in operation s , and communication between national and international borders.And it is only because of globalization features that terrorist activities or terrorism is no longer limit to a single nation or boundary but it now enjoys expanded range. It is also with the suspensor of advance telecommunications network hat now transnational terrorist groups have defined there organizational structures , share principles of horizontal rather than vertical organizational structures. Transnational terrorists organizations are broadening their reach in financial resources too.They have global financing networks that include legal non-profit charities and businesses, as well as illegal activities such as drug smuggling and kidnapping. Kesselman , (2006) Globalization as an Obstacle to Counter-Terrorism Globalization have contributed a take in the transnational terrorism with its new capabilities in all sectors , and this impedes the ability of nation-states to fight against terrorism efficaciously .The Existence of electronic commerce has weaken the abilities of the states to track , locate and prosecute the illegal activities in the cyber quadriceps and this has also played an important role in the effectiveness of the transnational terrorism. Even International institutions have not been up to the mark to promote international law and this has led to an increase in activities by transnational terrorist groups such as money laundering and arms trafficking which are considered as a immoral acts under international law.. In short , global law enforcement instruments have played little if any role in the fight against global terrorismConclusion The relationship between globalization and transnational terrorism is one that has not been under consideration in current counter-terrorism efforts. When the characteristic of globalization can facilitates transnational terrorism, globalization can be used as a weapon against it. Therefore , its very necessary to first find out the re lationship between globalization and terrorism before its too late . References Nassar ,Jamal R. (2004). Globalization and Terrorism The Migration of Dreams and Nightmares (Globalization (Lanham, MD. ). ). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Mazru , Ali Alamin i , Kafrawi , Shalahudin and Sebuharara ,Ruzima (2004). Islam Between Globalization & Counter-terrorism. Africa World Press. Stapley , Lionel (2006). Globalization and Terrorism last of a Way of Life. Karnac Books Combs , Cynthia C. (2005). Terrorism in the 21st Century (4th Edition). Prentice Hall. Kegley,Charles W. (2002). The New Global Terrorism Characteristics, Causes, Controls. Prentice Hall. Baylis , John B,Smith, Steve and Owens, Patricia (2008). The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford University Press. Kesselman , Mark (2006). The Politics of Globalization A Reader. Houghton Mifflin.