Are minority perspectives in psychology a option for the reduction of Essay

ar minority perspectives in psychology a option for the reduction of prejudice - Essay ExampleTo be sure, prejudice against ethnic and gender minorities impedes upon the progression of the social sciences.Solutions to this substantial problem have been proffered. One such(prenominal) recommendation has been that an increase in minority perspectives in psychology may reduce the amount and train of ethnic-based prejudice in the reach. On many levels, this seems like a viable option minority doctors are more socially equipped to handle the cases of minority patients. There is, however dissent from this theory. Here we will discuss both the problem and this possible solution to minority and gender prejudice in the field of psychology.The traditional framework for psychological assessment uses Eurocentric masculine behavior as the standard of conventionity. The Hesperian mannish model is non only seen as universal, but as good. Eurocentric standards of cordial health are often i nappropriate for ethnic minorities, because they are based on the philosophies, values and opposite aspects of the European culture, and these combinations are used as a basis for normative standards of mental health. These standards are routinely used for assessment and diagnosing. Likewise, masculine standards have proven to be somewhat ineffective in the diagnosis and treatment of womenWhat is considered as sane or insane behavior, mental health or mental illness, normal or abnormal behavior is therefore always in relation to a white male normative standard. These standards are applied to minorities, and result in increased rates of misdiagnosis. The Eurocentric approach does not impart into account cultural and language differences and how minorities express their inner feelings. The masculine approach does not take into account feminine sensitivities and varied modes of thinking and feeling.In the earlier days of Eurocentric practice, diagnosis like drapetomania (the escape b ehavior exhibited by enslaved Africans) was

Health Care in America, the Incurable Debate Essay

Health Care in America, the incurable Debate - Essay Example(Klein, 2012). Republicans question the figures but can pretty much live with the peace or watered-down versions of it. The individual mandate is at the heart of the debate. It is this part that sent the law to the High approach and, depending on which side characterizes it, is an egregious infringement on liberty or a fair and needful part of the legislation. The individual mandate, which level-headedly obliges all who can afford it to buy health care restitution based on a sliding income scale, was conceived during the 1990s version of the health care debate. First bird Hillary Clinton was tasked with the immense issue of health care reform in an attempt to design a broadsheet that would cover more people while curbing costs. During this contentious, highly partisan debate the Republicans demanded that individual office was written into the law and favored the individual mandate. Democrats hesitated at first but re lented in an effort to hold up something, even a much smaller version than they initially envisioned. Fast forward 15 years. teatime Party Republicans have made the mandate a centerpiece of their argument against reforming the overly costly system. They cry the ACA is a government takeover of health care. (Goozner, 2010). Republicans also claim the mandate is unconstitutional. They contend states have the warrant but not the federal government. Thats why people can be forced to lift auto insurance. Its a state requirement. Democrats might say they didnt take that position when they conceived it themselves just now a few years ago and point to the Interstate Commerce Clause as legal justification for the mandate. Americans opinion of the mandate has changed along party lines, of course,... Health care reform is literally a life and finish issue both for people and the economy. The present system, prior to the full implementation of the ACA, is cost citizens their health and con tributing to the National Debt. Something must be done. If not the ACA then what? If the country is waiting on Republicans to fix the system they have a long wait. Health care is not their priority as evidenced by the previous judiciarys complete failure to address the topic at all. It is difficult for majuscule to tackle a complex issue such as health care and seldom politically advantageous. The Democrats tried but failed during the 1990s and have tried again, each time struggling to pass a bill against a concerted and organized campaign to defeat it, a campaign of obvious lies and propaganda, the death panels to kill your grandmother misinformation for example. Because of this scare tactic health care reform, so essential to people and the nation, may again go down in defeat and must wait for another Democratic administration to try yet another time.

Challenging perspective in research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenging perspective in research - strive ExampleAccording to himLooking at the different cultures of the world, one finds that no society is classless that is un-stratified. at that place are some primitive communities so small that no class strata appear, the social organization resting about entirely on age, sex and kinship but even here chieftainship individual bravery and clan or family properly introduce an incipient stratification. (Davis and Moore, 1945 242, quoted in Zaidi, 1997 29)A child learns the process of interaction with other individuals from family and the peer group. All the parents try to bring up their children within the best possible atmosphere. The resources run pivotal role in the socialization of the individuals in a society. The members belonging to the upper class jibe better opportunities to educate and nurture their children, and thus can make them more civilized and cultured ones in the future years to come, whereas the lower classes lack prop er sources and opportunities that may influence their children. Rothstein has also defined the incident in the following wordsParents of different social classes often have different child-rearing styles. It makes sense when you depend about it If upper-middle-class parents have jobs where they are expected to collaborate with fellow employees or create brisk solutions to problems, they are more likely to talk to their children in open-ended ways that differ from how parents address children if their hold jobs simply require following orders. Children raised by middle-class parents will, on average, have more prying attitudes toward academic material than children raised by working- class parents. No matter how competent a schoolteacher, upper-lower-class childrens achievement will, on average, almost inevitably be less. Because the achievement gap already exists by age 3, it is unlikely to be narrowed without expensive infant and toddler centers where lower-class children can be

Economy of Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

economic system of Greece - Essay Examplep that occurred during the period, Greece had to witness a much sluggish economic growth, burdened with flip-flop magnitude unemployment and worsening debt scenario (Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2014).Emphasizing this particular notion, the essay intends to elaborate and analyze the soundness as well as the sustainability of financial markets of Greece and the efficiency of its financial institutions with regard to interest rate policies, change and borrowing that helped the economy regain its pace of growth.It is worth mentioning that transformation of national GDP rates in general occur due to the variations observed in import as well as export ratings and change in other buisness policies. Similarly, prior to the year 2008, the weak economic condtions of Greece imposed strong negative impacts on the overall performance in the fiancial markets that were pertinent within the nation for several years. It will be life-sustai ning to mention in this regard that the prime intent of designing effective economic policies is to achieve sustainable growth with respect to the performances of the nations financial markets. Irrespective of these qualities, sustsinability in the financial market of the solid ground was affected much strongly due to limitations in its transparency when documenting financial disclosures. To be noted in this context, to gain the membership of Eurozone, Greece government was accused to have falsified its total deficit figures in the year 2000. This eventually imposed negative impacts on the soundness along with the sustainability of its financial markets during reccession, as members states seemed reluctant and rather pained to the issue. Moreover, the situation also made Greece government to roll over debt in 2009, which certainly produced a transmittal to other eurozone economies, such as Portugal, Spain and Italy (Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2014). The below diagr ammatical representation depicts Eurozones real GDP per capita rate of

Chinese Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chinese Values - Essay ExampleWisdom is virtues that enable one nock wrong from right. According to Confucius, perception understands another(prenominal) people. To love other people you must have a loving heart and to understand others you must have the wisdom to enable them to differentiate the good from loathsomeness this will help them promote good and control evil in the society. The Chinese leaders who had wisdom lead society to success.Honesty instills integrity, credibility, and trustworthiness. Businesses, which operated, honestly achieved the best. Loyalty to the motherland, family, and friends in terms of offering services faithfully. Protecting arena and family is a sign of ones loyalty. Filial piety is respect, especially to the elders. In Chinese culture, burial chamber of elders was the duty of the young they believed in nurturing the young and caring for the old (Hsia). All these values have been collective in Chinas diplomacy, and since it worked wonders in Chi nese society, the whole world must embrace these values to establish a mutually tolerant and universally embraceable world order. Unity in diversity is brought about by harmony. A harmonious person chooses to live harmoniously with others. For peaceful coexistence, one must choose to respect other territories and powers and chose never to interfere in other countries internal affairs. A harmonious person believes in par and mutual benefit from each other. These principles have been employed by most countries due to the peaceful China.

Camp Nou Stadium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Camp Nou Stadium - Research Paper ExampleCamp Nou Stadium Camp nou is the largest football game game pipe bowl in Spain and the second largest football stadium in Europe. It is located in Barcelona and seats 99354 populate in a football match but in any match organized by the UEFA the stadium is reduced to 96336 people per stadium. The stadium has hosted many matches and was one of the stadiums that hosted the 1992 summer Olympics that was held in Spain. Construction of this horrendous football stadium started on the 28th match of 1954. This was because the previous Barcelona stadium camp de les corts could not be expanded anymore and so the thence government decided to build another bigger stadium that could accommodate all the crazy association football fans who were increasing in number daily and increased tax to the government. This edifice began in front of more than 60000 fans of the Barcelona football club team watching the gimmick. Before the construction began, Arch bishop of Barcelona laid the ground with prayers before the civil governor of Barcelona preceded by laying down the first nether region to mark the beginning of the construction. The architectures in the team were Francesca Titans, Lorenzo Garcia and Josep soteras. The construction ended on 24 September 1957 and since then it has been the official Barcelona football club stadium. This means that the construction took more than three years. After its construction, the constructor subsequently had many impressions for more construction and the architects behind the design of the stadium were given several awards for being the exceed designers. Culture and society The stadium was create in a culture that was characterized by mad football support and competition with opponent football club Real Madrid that at the time had the largest soccer stadium. This led to the Barcelona fans to want a stadium that could host more people and help them be gallant of it, as it was larger than th e opponents stadium. The construction of the stadium was seen as an opportunity for the reputable Spanish architectures to show off their architectural skills to the population by designing the outflank stadium ever. in that respectfore, the panel picked the best stadium that they felt was affordable and could last for a longer period. Foster and collaborates were the contractors they finally won the tender to build the stadium. At the time of its building, many people were fascinated by the way, that football stadiums were being built in Europe starting with the construction of Old Trafford stadium which was one of the state of the art stadiums at the time. After this, many club supporters across Europe wanted to help in the building of same stadiums with the same capacity or even more. At this time, there were several universities that offered different courses in architecture and there were different competition on who could design and build the most efficient and best clubs. There were also upcoming technologies that were used in the building process that was of importance. Construction of the stadium Constructed in 1957, the tools and the methods of construction are not so different from those that are currently used. However, there is a slight dissimilarity in the tools, the materials, and the labour that was used. Trucks did transportation and cranes did loading. Since the Portland cement used in the making of concrete was not furthermost from the site off construction, the transportation did not take a lot of time. Cranes were then used to inebriate the building materials to greater heights and the major

Where relevant make reference to the royal art ancient empires of Essay

Where relevant make reference to the royal art antediluvian patriarch empires of Ghana and Mali - Essay ExampleThis statue consists of a distinct style that brings prohibited the real nature of the capitulums ascendancy. The lines on the surface of the robe show the depth of the folds express on the sculpture. This only brings out the richness of the textile worn by the chief (Walker and Chaplin, 1997).This is an image of the King of the Kuba people from the Democratic res publica of Congo. The king of the Kuba people was in charge of the political, economic and social organization of the kingdom. As a compact of authority, the king would adorn a distinct head gear comprising of certain feathers. These feathers were a symbol of authority only fit for the king. The other pieces of clothing contain exquisitely embroidered textiles that have organized geometric patterns. He also has anklets on his feet and bracelets on his arms, and he is holding a spear in his justifiedly hand. As a king, it was his duty to protect his people as well as command every the political power in the region. Adorning in such attire was a way of expressing the power commanded by the king since no one else could wear

TEXT ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TEXT ANALYSIS - Assignment Exampledy the trials circumstances as strong as look into the circumstances that resulted to his accuser seek his death as hearty as the Athens people to agree in it.As far as this accusation goes, the scenario is not that different from the religion of St. Theodore of Sykeon. Theodore is sick and this could be a likened to Socrates being in court. Just as settle were there to look into the accusations against Socrates, in the cases of the saint there is God as well as the angles who herald as doctors. Upon being asked why he is weeping, the saint answers that it is because he is unrepentant (The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon ,1.2). This represents the accusations against Socrates.One of the study accusations against Socrates was denying gods that the plead recognized as well as introducing to the state strange religions instead of such Gods. In the case of St, Theodore, earthly spirits that torment people can be seen. It the saint who continues to d o miracles that does forth with weaknesses as well as sicknesses. The spirits, weaknesses, as well as these spirits represent earthly gods that the state believes in, in the Socrates scenario.Theodore explains that something else that makes him cry is the newfangled believers who need a shepherd. He is afraid that he will check and leave them without one. This is quite common the second accusation directed towards Socrates. That he turned away young people from their parents to serve the new religion he introduced. They accusers called it corrupting the young people. Socrates had associates whom he taught to despise dry land laws, amongst them, election through lots. Theodore has followers too those who liked his works left their homes and came to be with him as well as change their lives to conform his teachings. Some of those healed by him as well opted to live by his side as well (The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon, 2.2).Socrates during his presentation for his apology, his f irst words were that he was not authoritative if the

Health care marketing in practice Research Paper

Health care marketing in make - Research Paper ExampleMany of the US citizens are without wellness insurance and when they get green either they do not find the best treatment or they cannot afford the cost. Moreover, the medical zeal and cost vary from place to place. The present study deals in current strategic positioning of Abbott north-west hospital and their marketing plans.Abbott Northwestern Hospital was established in the year 1882 as Northwestern Hospital for Women and Children. It is one of the largest hospitals in the twin cities. It is recognized both nationally and locally for its exceptional service and expertise. any year the hospital provides services to about more than 200,000 patients along with their families across the twin city and fastness Midwest. It serves in the women and nestling care segment (Hospital overview, n.d.). The website of the hospital provides all necessary reading for the patients. The visiting (Visiting us, n.d.) information provides the patients and their families with the address, direction, visiting hours, transportation and campus view of the hospital. The website also provides information regarding the food and accommodation available, services provided for the international patients and preregistration requirements. apart from these the hospital website gives a clear view of the products and services they render. If a patient is suffering from a accepted type of illness and does not know which department to refer then they might visit the website and bring up the details present in the Provider (Find a Provider, n.d.) section. Overall the website is very much user friendly and convenient.The reason behind choosing this health care organization is that they have achieved success in the health care segment by providing differential advantage among the healthcare market. They have created the differential advantage among women and child by

Qualitative Research Problem and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

qualitative Research Problem and spirit - Essay ExampleThe main methods for collecting qualitative entropy include individual interviews, focus groups, observations and perform interrogation. Many factors were considered in deciding the appropriate research methodology.A qualitative approach is effective in solving the problem in this case because it can create new theories. As the researcher attempts to read the topic, he or she will have to interact with the participants. In addition, the researcher will have to information existing information about the topic. The practice may lead to the discovery of a new theory. Qualitative research is important when addressing a new phenomenon in the society or examining an important fall out in the bucolic (Jamshed, 2014). The possibility of discovering a new theory is important because it could result in a wagerer thought of student performance in mathematical subjects.In addition, qualitative analysis is likely to explicate the r elationship between things and demonstrate their effect in that situation. As a result, it contributes towards the development of a go understanding of the issue. Furthermore, the method is characterized by observation or reading information. The researcher is expected to respond to the insights wise to(p) from this approach through writing. Consequently, it contributes towards the growth of the existing body of knowledge about a topic. Qualitative research is based on a theoretical framework (Bendassoli, 2013). As a result, it shall be addressing an important issue in the society that is important for the well-being of the society. Addressing the high failure rates will enable the country to enhance its competitiveness.Furthermore, qualitative research is flexible. Instead of applying a rigidly defined framework, research method and data collection style, a flexible approach is important in developing a holistic understanding of an issue. The method involves the collection of dat a using observational

Effective vs. Ineffective Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Effective vs. idle Language - Essay ExampleIneffective verbiage happens as a conduct of failure of attainment of certain goals set, as a result of stress and pressure in the process of work. Such stress leads to use of a communal language that develops in the setting where there is stress. Language and euphemism develop in form of collection terms from group thinking such as credibility and cultivating a you attitude. In organizations, the jargon is useful for developing learn among workers to work toward a certain cause and goal. It is an effective language in creating motivation among workers. Such jargons ar useful for stirring self-drive in places of work. They are especially effective where users and learners of language are involved. Creating a you attitude may serve in more than one field as means of development. drop of language like this and jargon among a group of people creates a communication platform for the workers and bare-assed users of a language to develop u nity and understanding among themselves. The jargon develops into other modes of language that acts like the foremost language for the group involved. It provides authenticity and as sense of belonging and extends further to the use of aid in achieving communication through language different from the norm but which is understood among peers, colleagues or other groups that need to communicate amongst

Debate on Allowing Homosexuals to Adopt Children Essay

Debate on Allowing Homosexuals to Adopt Children - Essay ExampleThis essay highlights thatthe debate, in the public view, has less gay rights sympathizers with the majority, under churches and former(a) conservative institutions, being against the idea of gays adopting children. The judiciary, however, has, by containment, seemingly inclining to the side of favoring the push by LGBTQ since it relies on subjectivity. It does not take into account public opinion. Since empirical data does not suggest conclusively that children embossed up by gay couples disadvantages them in their development, the judiciary has made the majority of its rulings to the favor of the LGBTQ. In legislative bodies, the majority oppose the motion. The debate is however still balanced since such matters demand constitutional changes that require big numbers. The debate will in the Parliamentary context require an overwhelming argument to channel total consensus.From this discussion it is clear that there ha ve been judicial and legislative manifestations of the debate as easy as media publicity too. Initially, the Catholic Church and the society, in general, reacted murderously to homosexuality. It was illegal under the law, and one would be convicted for merely confessing love to a person of the same sex. The clerk denied the application and the couple sued him. The trial judicature sided with the clerk and even after appealing, the appellate court did not find the favor of the couple.

Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Week 5 - Essay Examplehat the racial motif of Baltimore neighborhood is dominated by the African American, fol baseed by the Latino and the remaining portion occupied by a couple of(prenominal) snow-covereds. Evident socio-economic disparity which places significant Black population at the low income end is reflected in spending pattern. It can also be noted that the number of supermarkets and food chain stores are comparatively few (Leslie 14). This is an another(prenominal) indicator of limited access to high quality food. It is worth to note that expense and demand are inversely related and this is reflected in the food spending pattern in Baltimore. The few food chain stores can be seen as directly proportion to the few high income white races. The graph indicates that the bulk of the population is low income earners. The consequences are less incentive of quality food sell stores top set up branches in such places. This translates to access to cheaper food which has relati vely lower nutritionary value. In the case of Baltimore with a low income majority, prices have to be down with grocery ranging $1.99 - $3. This means that when food prices are high, the income level of people determines choice of quality. Junk food remains accessible but has significantly higher fat content which poses health risks to the population.It is important to note that availability of accessible pack and other open public places are instrumental in determining the need to undertake physical exercise. However, at that place tend to be a relationship between existence of such social amenities and the income of the surrounding. Baltimore is a case of limited public places where people can exercise their physical bodies. The result is poor physical health prospects and potential exposure to obesity. The prevailing average income of the majority is a central factor in setting diet standards. In essence, low income means elasticity to food prices and hence access to low qual ity cheaper food (Leslie 23). The problem with this is high risk exposure in regard

Problems that researchers in the Arab world encounter Assignment

Problems that seekers in the Arab globe work - Assignment ExampleThe region has received good reputation with regard to oil production. Current research has shown that the Arab world is the largest oil producer in the world contributing to more than half of the entire worlds oil. The region has an even larger potential and if the researchers in the landing field had the needed facilities to carry come forth their activities, they would discover even more opportunities for growth. Leaders in the region have promised researchers a large center of funding to purchase the equipments they require to carry out the research on areas that could produce benefits to society (Tessler, 2011). patronage has become a rattling great problem to assist the people in the region to get over even larger places. Almost all of the finances dedicated to research come from the government. This has been a very great challenge because it does not have the excess money to offer to the research institut ions. The few unavowed sector individuals that carry out research face the money problem and consequently end up not achieving their goals in the research field (Daniells, 2009).The number of research institutions has had a steady growth set up over the years. However, the output from these institutions is very low and this is owing to the high illiteracy levels in the area. A absolute majority of the young people in the region come from rich families where they get to take over or rather run their family businesses. This makes most of these young people fall out of school. This has made current researchers wishing people to assist them with their research and this has made them lack the motivation they require.Anformer(a) problem that researchers in the area face is regarding brain drain. For the few individuals that succeed in going to school, they graduate and go to other countries to work. any(prenominal) of these people have a large amount of knowledge that could help thei r countries with research. When these people go to other regions, they leave the initial

How Insurgencies End Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How Insurgencies End - Assignment ExampleHowever, most factors are frequent in majority of the cases. Fundamentally, insurgence results primarily from political and monetary differences. Consequently, the opposition opts to resolve the disparities by combative means resulting in an insurgence. This write-up highlights factors that check characterized the conclusion of countless insurgencies. Additionally, it highlights details a conflict that has transpired recently. Conspicuously, time has a noteworthy implication on the conclusion of some(prenominal) conflict. According to the Rand study, an insurgency tends to fade over time1. The report discloses that countless insurgencies commence modishly nonetheless, the rebel become weary over time. The weakening of such rebellion is attributable to numerous factors. First, the formation will counter any uprising that seeks to oust it from authority. Subsequently, the insurgencys followers diminish collectible to the military confrontat ions that they encounter. Additionally, the authorities utilize state resource that fundament nutrify a military offending over lengthy durations. Conversely, most insurgencies have no sustainable funding. The scarce funding diminishes the duration, which the rebels can sustain the conflict2. Hence, time establishes the culmination of any conflict. ... Initially, the Sri- Lanka dissenters, the Tamil appeared to have outwitted the authorities and inhibited a sizeable territory. However, the Sri-Lankan government reconstituted its strategies towards the insurgency3. The administration undertook a vicious offensive against the radicals, which concluded in the administration recouping the region that the Tamil tiger inhibited. Time allowed the government to gather appropriate resources, which enabled the offensive culminating in the subduing of the Tamil Tigers. Leadership and following denotes another(prenominal) unfavorable aspect with a key bearing on the conclusion of any insur gency. The leadership is critical in any insurgency since it not only identifies the strategies, which the conflict will adopt but excessively unites the followers. This is critical since most insurgency face well equipped regimes, which are willing to commit coarse resources to crash any insurgency4. The leaders guide the momentum to attain the course of the rebellion. However, some of the leaders bomb or defect consequently, resulting in a gap in the top brass. The enemy faction can utilize the leadership vacuum to subdue the rebellion since they lack individuals to provide apposite strategies that any insurgency requires for its survival. Furthermore, strong leadership limits infiltration by counterinsurgencies from enemy factions. Infiltration avails the adversary faction with suitable data on the intended strategies of the rebels. Consequently, allowing it to institute apposite measure to counter the insurgencies. Diminishing following also renders any insurgency vulnerable since it has few combatants. Nevertheless, many insurgencies succeed despite having fewer followers like the expel of Batistas rule by Castro in Cuba. Castro had a

Principles of business law two questions in an assignment Essay

Principles of business law twain questions in an assignment - Essay ExampleShe later refused to pay back this sum of bullion to Peter. deal he sue her Would it make any difference to your answer if, instead of borrowing this sum of m matchlessy to go for a boat cruise, she had actually borrowed this sum of money to go for a study circle of China organized by her schoolIn answering these questions, the major source of support was condition 2 of the US Uniform Commercial Code, which broadly covers the law governing sales contracts. Meanwhile the examples of fields cited were interpreted from English cases.Q1. According to section 2-205 of the US Uniform Commercial Code, in every sales contract, there must be an object on offer, an offer made, an adoption made, and an exchange. The person making the offer is called the offerer and the person making the word sense is called the offeree. Even if the offeree has made up his mind to a final acceptance, the pledge is not yet compl ete. There must be an external manifestation of his assent. This can be about word spoken or act done by the offeree or by his authorised agent, which a act of law can regard as the communication of the acceptance to the offeror. What constitutes communication varies with the nature of the case and has provoked many backbreaking problems.a) The first scenario mak... What constitutes communication varies with the nature of the case and has provoked many difficult problems.a) The first scenario makes a lot of difference in the interpretation and analysis of the case. Going by the facts of the case, Janes acceptance was sent within a conceivable time, such that even though Andrew received the earn late, the court could still deem the contract enforceable. This view has support from section 2-207(1) of the Uniform Commercial Code, which states that A definite and well-timed(a) expression of acceptance or a written confirmation which is sent within a reasonable time operates as an a cceptance Jane could rightly evoke the provisions of this article to rightfully sue Andrew for a dampen of contract. Carrying out the stipulated task is enough to constitute acceptance of the offer.However, by making an underpayment for the postage stamp, Jane indirectly failed to pass to Andrew her acceptance of the offer. This was contrary to the general rule that an acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. The case of Jane and Andrew is typical of one where the postal rule can not be applied because the letter of acceptance was not the right way posted (Simpson, 1987). As an academic problem, the postal rule in the work of Wald & Williston (1906) could be evoked to stool three possible answers to this scenario in the following light an offer made through the post business leader be regarded as accepted in the eyes of the lawi) as soon as the letter of acceptance is put into the post orii) when the letter of acceptance is delivered to the offerors address oriii) when t he letter of acceptance is

Work Stress Essay Example for Free

Work Stress EssayWe live with it, coin away with it, and above all business concern about it. Our way of keep, the atomic number 18a in which we live, the economy, and our jobs rear cause a great struggle of focus. non bothone deals with the same direct of try out and there atomic number 18 several factors that house rival our lives and cause us to have higher or lower sample levels. We spate have stressed caused by cataclysmal events which according to Feldman (2009) are events that outhouse affect many people at the same cartridge clip and are disasters such as tornado and plane crashes, as thoroughly as terrorist attacks. (p418). Other factors are personalised stressors and butt end be caused by events such as a divorce, death or a love one or the loss of a job. (Feldman, 2009).The other category is what Feldman (2009) refers to as background stressors and are the things that impact our routine life. South Florida has many factors that contribute to our stress level, high unemployment come out 12.1% , high number of families sprightliness in poverty approximately 16%, (U.S. Census Bureau, American Fact Finder at (http//factfinder.census.gov), a housing crisis that has contributed to many residents losing their homes, overcrowded roads, high crime rate, and during hurricane season the weather.When we compare ourselves with people living in littler cities, villages, other areas of the country or even other countries, or those whose socio economical status allows them to continue their life style during difficult economic measures we could probably see a difference in the stress level. Who has not stressed over driving in the Palmetto or I-95. Who has not stressed over the evening news or the possibility of not having a job in very difficult economic times? Who has not stressed over the possibility of being affected by the housing crisis? Who does not stress over a situation at subject field over which we have no operate? These are stressors we live with and deal with on a daily basis.Work Stress and Mental healthSome people have higher levels of stress because they might have a very nerve-racking job. Police officers, fire fighters, soldiers in a war zone, health care providers, long distance motortruck drivers, and yes, even educators (think of a classroom full of students where you are responsible for making sure that they are learnedness the skills they analyse away to succeed) have very stressful jobs. According to Elkin and Rosch (1990) workplace related stress in a major problem in the U.S. and it creates a major expense for corporations. Koeske, Kirk, and Koeske (1993) indicate that all jobs have well-nigh level of stress but jobs that are in the human services have additional stressors because they make headway from intense involvement in the lives of others. (p.319). They as well refer to the type of stress experienced by individuals operative in human services as burnout (Koeske, Kirk, and Koeske, 1993, p.319). Another factor that can influence our stress level is how we handle lifes demands.There are various ways of reacting to the situations we face each mean solar day of our lives. We have all heard of expressions such as road passionateness and going postal. These are terms that we have come to identified with violent reactions to stressors caused by situations all of us face every day. How many of us have experiences in the road that would cause us to display behavior that is outdoor(a) of what we consider to be within a normal range? How many of us have had experiences at work with a supervisor or a coworker where we have had to use all of our self meet not to respond in an appropriate manner? We all have had these experiences and how we handle them depends on different factors such as our own characteristics, or external factors that could be impacting us at any incident moment. Symptoms of stress and anxiety caused by workAccording to Tetrick and LaRocco (1987) work conditions can lead to perception of stress. comprehend stress, in turn, leads to job-related strains such as dissatisfaction, boredom, and turnover, and to individual strains such as anxiety, depression, and physical illness (p.538). There are other factors that can cause high level of stress in a job for manikin high demands on the rive of an employer, (i.e. constant deadlines, extended work hours) and low dominance on the part of the employee (i.e. very little deem over the day to day activities in the workplace) and low rewards for effort can sum up the chances of having serious health problems such as anxiety, use of prescription or over the counter drugs to deal with stress. (Workplace Mental Health Promotion, 2010). According to Tetrick and Larocco (1987) in addition to these external factors related to our jobs and the type of work conditions we have we also have internal factors that they call internal characteristics (i.e., personal charact eristics) and external conditions (i.e., situational characteristics) (p. 358).Pachner (2010) stated that In response to feelings of insecurity or ineffectiveness many people can avoid sociable interactions with colleagues and can develop physical symptoms such as headaches, insomnia, high blood pressure and even heart attacks. some(prenominal) of us have experiences these types of feelings or reactions when we have found ourselves in stressful jobs. These health related issues can impact the individual, his/her family, the workplace environment and the community in general. Higher costs for health care, incidents of road rage or workplace violence, as well as in some instances domestic violence can all be linked to stressed caused by work. Individuals at risk of experiencing conditions of stress and anxiety As indicated before most of us are at risk of experiencing stress and a burnout feeling at any time.Those of us who are in the fields where we deal with people or a daily basis or where high demands and where we have little temper of our work environment pull up stakes be more impacted than others. Additionally as mentioned before certain type of personality characteristics will increase or levels of stress. Some of the internal characteristics might be our way of handling difficult situations, our need to control our environment, our need to overachieve, even our need to please others. Some individuals have a need to have control over all aspects of their lives and when decisions are made by others and they have no control over these decisions it impacts their well being.Stressful jobs such as those involving high risk or oneself, i.e. law enforcement, military duty in a war zone, can cause higher level of stress. Jobs where demands are placed in our abilities to deal with others can also create stress, i.e., healthcare professionals, customer service personnel, teachers, and other professionals who deal directly with others. The stress caused by these types of jobs can influence our health, our attitudes, and even our home life. In many instances individuals do not have the opportunity to decompress before arriving home to deal with the other stressors that we all confront. When we leave our jobs we then need to face the different challenges surrounding us in our community i.e. traffic, weather, etc.Dealing with stress and anxietyAccording to Elkin and Rosch (1990) To prevent burnout individuals need to monitor their mental and physical health and maintain a legal lifestyle that includes a healthy diet, leisure time and connecting with family and friends. All of us need to understand the importance of maintaining a healthy equilibrium between work and our own personal life. Giving in to the demands of a stressful job can only serve to create additional health problems such as heart conditions, high blood pressure, dependency on over the counter, illegal, or prescription drugs. It will also contribute to other problems such as lack of sleep, isolation, and sometimes depression. mayhap we need to look at how other societies live their daily lives. For example traveling in the Mediterranean, specially the Greek islands, can put on you a different perspective of how life can be. The Greek Islands have a low rate of heart disease and having traveled there myself I can see how their lifestyle contributes to that low risk.They are very busy and involved in activities that promote healthy lifestyles i.e. fishing. They eat healthy and most of the time is food that is prepared in a healthy way. They getting even time to rest during the day and they take the time to enjoy family and friends and establish social connections. We, on the other hand, because of our work schedules, the time it takes us to fuss to and from work, the demands we place on ourselves, rarely have time to socialize and spend time with family or friends. Perhaps corporations should take into consideration the need to provide time for employ ees to establish relationships at work that are not just work related but that go beyond the routine of the workplace. Encouraging employees to have an active life style would also help the stress since physical activity reduces stress level.Having a safe health insurance that promotes healthy life style such as by encouraging preventing care for and portionship in health clubs will contribute to reduce the stress level. We also need to take proactive steps to reduce the stress level caused by our jobs. One of the steps we can take is to accept that our personality can play a major role on how we adapt and deal with the job demands and take steps to change the extra stress we create for ourselves. If we like to control what we do at all times and like to plan ahead for all events but work in a job that is constantly changing we can begin by accepting that we can control the time we leave for work, what we take for lunch, and what route we take to get to and from work and that wil l give us a sense of control for at least part of the day.If we like to achieve perfection or please those around us we can begin by establishing realistic goals that we can achieve every day rather than trying to be the best in all possible aspects. Understanding ourselves, our needs, our personality, and the demands of our jobs can help us to decrease the level of stress we experience. There are factors over which we have no control i.e. the crime rate in our area, the weather, the overcrowded highways, etc. However we can certainly control other aspects of our lives such as how we handle the demands of our job, the type of lifestyle we choose to live and the amount of quality time we choose to spend with family and friends who are important to us.Knowledge and CareerUnderstanding that there is an entire separate of problems that are known as psychophysilogical disorders that often result or are worsened by stress (Feldman, 2009, p.421) can help us to realize that these are very real medical problems that are influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties Feldman, 2009, p.421). Having gained some basic knowledge of the different aspects of what can cause stress in our lives such as work, environment, social demands, etc. can help us manage our lives and careers in a way that will help us to achieve our goals, maintain healthy relationships, succeed at our jobs, and maintain a healthy life style. According to Feldman (2009) our relationship with others can help us deal with our stress.The social reinforcement we can establish can help us to lower our stress level and the support we show others can help them as well. Coping with the daily stressors we face, and doing so as a member of a group of family, friends, coworkers, or neighbors can help us to maintain a healthy level of stress and will certainly reduce the risk of health problems associated with major stress in our life. This will in turn help us to be successful in our careers because we will achieve a healthy balance of work goals, family goals, community commitment, and a sense of well being.

Affirmative Action in America Essay Example for Free

plausive Action in America EssayThroughout the years, much of the frequents confusion over affirmative action lies in the manners it is defined, because the manner at which the opinion is described usually becomes the basis that shapes public attitude. Affirmative action in the linked States basically refers to policies that address ethnicity, race, and gender into consideration in an effort to encourage equal opportunity. The focus of such policy varies from consumption and public contracting objectives to health and groomingal outreach programs.It is intended to promote public institutions, such as law of nature forces, hospitals and universities to be more representative of the people they serve. The thrust towards affirmative action is twofold, which is the rectification as a result of involuntary, institutional, or blatant discrimination, and maximization of the advantages of diversity in every levels of society. Affirmative action continues to be unmatchable of th e most conflict-ridden issues in the unify States, remaining unsettled ever since the civil rights legislation in 1960s.Despite the fact that numerous efforts prepare been challenged to get to the bottom of the problem, none attempted to recognize the organic causes of the criticism against the policy. Therefore, in order to understand the future of affirmative action, one must be assured of its evolution, its resistance, and its application in the United States. Evolution of Affirmative Action Affirmative action in the United States started as a device to deal with the enduring discriminations among African-Americans in the 1960s.This particular phrase was initially utilise to represent the countrys governing body policy in 1961 as a means of redressing inequalities that had persisted albeit the innate guarantees and civil rights laws (Brunner, 2007). Focusing particularly on jobs and education, affirmative action policies mandated that active measures be interpreted to con tact sure that African-Americans and other minorities benefited from equal opportunities for financial aid, scholarships, inform admissions, career advancement, salary increase, and promotions that had been practically the whites exclusive province.Affirmative action was visualized from the start as a provisional remedy that would end once in that respect was an identical playing field for every Americans. President Kennedys Executive edict 10925 of 1961 intended and mandated every government contracting agencies to practice affirmative action to make sure that black applicants were hired and that they were equally taken cared of through and throughout their trading, without considering their color, creed, race, or national origin.In 1964, the landmark legislation of Civil Rights Act was signed into law, which prohibits usage discrimination by large employers, regardless of their previous contracts with the government. President Johnson developed and enforced for the fist epoc h the countrys affirmative action through the Executive Order 11246 of 1965, requiring every government contractors and subcontractors to hold affirmative action so as to expand employment opportunities for minorities.President Johnson amended Executive Order 11246 in 1967 to incorporate affirmative action for women. By this time, federal contractors were required to make good-faith endeavors to increase employment opportunities for minorities and women (Wilcher, 2003). The 1978 finale of the United States Supreme Court in the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 912 upheld the use of race as one aspect in selecting qualified applicants for admission.Concurrently, it also ruled illegal the practice of the University Medical School of screen background aside 18 seats for minority students in every incoming class of 100 (Wilcher, 2003). The quest year, a National Womens production line Enterprise Policy was created by President Jimmy Carter through the issuance of Executi ve Order 12138, which further requires every agency to take affirmative action to support business enterprise of women. In the same year, the Supreme Court ruled in United make Workers of America, AFL-CIO v.Weber, 444 U. S. 889 that race-conscious endeavors intended to abolish an evident racial disparity in an employers labor force ensuing from preceding(a) discrimination are acceptable if they are impermanent and do not infringe the rights of other employees. The United States Supreme Court in 1987 ruled in Johnson v. Transportation Agency, 480 U. S. 616 that a serious under model of minorities and women warranted the use of sex or race as one aspect in selecting amongst qualified applicants. ohmic resistance to affirmative action has resulted to numerous legal challenges, starting with the United States Supreme Courts 1989 decision in City of Richmond vs. J. A. Croson, which required local and states governments to draw on more comprehensive recount of inequalities to validat e the need for the programs. Immediately after that, Oregon and sugar discontinued their affirmative procurement programs. In 1998, both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives prevented efforts to abolish particular programs of affirmative action.Amendments to eliminate the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise program sponsored through the Transportation Bill were rejected by both hearthstones, and the upper house rejected an endeavor to abolish the use of affirmative action in higher education admissions programs support through the Higher Education Act. Throughout these periods, the opinions of the Supreme Court justices in affirmative action cases have been generally divided partly because of conflicting political beliefs but moreover because the issue is basically so complicated.Rather than tackling the whole policy, the Court has approached majority of the cases in a piecemeal manner, focusing on its contract features. But in 2003, the landmark case involving the affirmative action policies of University of Michigan, which became one of the most imperative rulings on the issue in 25 years, the Supreme Court finally and positively supported higher educations right of affirmative action (Brunner, 2007).The Court held as constitutional the use of race, among other aspects, of the University of Michigan in its law school admissions program given that the program advanced a compelling busy in achieving an educational advantage that flows from the diversity of student body. In addition, the Court established that the law schools program was narrowly tailored, flexible, and supported a holistic assessment of every applicant.

Hospitality Foundation Essay Example for Free

Hospitality Foundation EssayIntroductionThe sp atomic number 18-time activity report looks closely at someone functionals in the hospitality industry. The aim is to analyse their job. My seek volition be carried out by undertaking an interview, asking for a job description and tour the place of work. I leave alone then come to a conclusion in which I every last(predicate)ow analyse any shortfalls that may occur. Recommendations will then be made to improve the job effect of the individual.MethodAn interview with an employee of Ramada-Jarvis Hotel and Resort, Maidstone was carried out. His job title is Breakfast attendant, but he is basically a waiter. His effect Manager was emailed to ask for a job description and to establish what his responsibilities argon. Information from the hotels website was alike used. In commit to fully analyse his job fully, the following areas were concentrated on The on the job(p) environment, the showcase of operation, opening hours, pocket patterns etc the person being interviewed is contracted to work The duties and responsibilities The good and professional skills need to be effective The face-to-face and social skills needed to be effective What motivates the individual Their expected career path (if any)Findings The working environment, the type of operation, opening hours, shift patterns etc the person being interviewed is contracted to workWorking environment Ramada-Jarvis Hotel and Resort in Maidstone is set in 20 acres of parkland in the heart of Kent adjacent to Leeds Castle, the reasonably modern hotel offers easy access to Maidstone and Kent, The Garden of England. Ricks Restaurant the section in which he works can reap particularly busy between 8 and 10 in the morning, this provides a noisy and busy working environment.Type of operation Restaurant sub-section of Hotel and ResortOpening hours Sunday- Saturday 700am 1000pm hawk pattern Shift pattern varies due to the fact that he only works par t-time during civilise, but full-time in school holidays. During school when he works part time his shifts tend to be Saturday and Sunday from 7am 12pm. During school holidays he works 5 days a week from 6am 12pm. He has to look on a shift board in case of any changes. The duties and responsibilitiesHis duties and responsibilities change every shift. Sometimes he will be responsible for the clearing and laying of tables and serving of tea, coffee and toast, but sometimes he will be responsible for the restocking during breakfast and clearing after breakfast of the breakfast buffet. He will also be given one designated job at the end of his shift. This can be setting up for lunch, cleaning glasses, plates and glasses, or cleaning floors and the fridge. The technical and professional skills needed to be effectiveTechnical skills needed are very basic in terms of service at Breakfast due to the ardor of service being a self-service buffet. The clearing of tables and relaying was pr obably the only skills you could loosely call technical considering that has to have those skills to do the job, although these are trained in after employees start.Professional skills refer to the way in which standards are achieved and the slick performance of duties, clearly one can only become professional at something if you have been doing it consistantly for a period of time without fault. The personal and social skills needed to be effective in-person and social skills are by far the most important in this type of role. Personally he has to approach the job with the correct positive, friendly attitude in sight to be accepted by the team and be able to approach the guests. Socially he has to be a good communicator, attendee and team player in order to be able to do the job. What motivates the individualThe obvious inducing of money would be the master(prenominal) motivation, although his pay is not that high at 3.85 per hour. He also finds that working as a part of a team motivates him, as he gets on well with all his colleagues. Expected career pathHe is expecting to leave this job and do a degree in Hotel Management in order to become a manager in a hotel. However he will be using his job as invaluable experience.ConclusionThe individual has all the unavoidable skills required to carry out all his duties and responsibilities inherent within the job, his performance is at that placefore satisfactory.As he is only working part-time to aid his personal finances, his motives to be an effective employee in the organisation are not very strong. This is where some shortfalls may lie. Apart from the risk of being sacked from his job, he has no early(a) reason to perform his job to the best of his ability. He may not use other skills exceeding his job requirements that could make him shine above fellow employees.Some of the skills required need training, much(prenominal) as the laying of tables and using the till. If this is carried out then the employ ee will feel more comfortable in their position and be able to perform their job more effectively, which will in turn function to more customer satisfaction.The shift patterns of the individual are likely to have an effect on their performance. For example, if they are working unsociable hours or very long shifts, then their standards are likely to drop without a pay rise. Another shortfall that I found was that the hours that were given to the individual did not always correspond him.Recommendations Motives of the employee are a key factor in how well they perform their job. As money is the main motive of this individual, rewards could be given to motivate the employees further. For example, bonuses could be given for a consistantly high standard of work. If there was more discussion between the employee and the management, more appropriate hours could be given to the employee. It is important that the hotel make working for them as enjoyable as possible. As if the employees have job satisfaction they will do a better job. The hotel could offer such rewards as discount breaks to other hotels in the chain in order to encourage the employee to acquire a loyalty to the company.

Famous Women and their Contribution to Egypt Essay Example for Free

Famous Women and their Contribution to Egypt EssayShagrat al-Durr took upon herself the title of Sultan and regrouped the Egyptian army to take Damietta spur from the Frankish Crusaders. She become the totality of power as the leader of Mamluks During this new period, that of the Mamluks, Cairo was to become the center of power. The Mamluks kept their power for more than two centuries in Egypt and Syria. Shagrat al-Durr is one of the very few women in Moslem history to ascend to the throne. Her sensational life to show the information that a striving woman had to imagine on the good will of men to be able to lead. Shagrat has been a good leader using her experience at administration and leadership. That is why Mamluks shake up succeeded leading Egypt and Syria for tow centuries. Tiye She is the married to Ramesses III (c. 1194-1163 B. C. ) and called the pouffe of the 20th century. She was involved in the harem plot, which sought to assassinate the king and place her son o n the throne of Egypt, and was mentioned in the Juridical papyrus of Turin. The plot against the king was discobered, and the queen and the other members of the cabal were attempt in a royal court.Nothing is known of the fate of Queen Tiye in the affair. She is a worshiper of Aten. And for those who believed believe the basic elements of the story of Moses from the Old Testament, as Queen Tiyes influence may have helped give birth to Judaism, Christianity and Islam Nifertiti She was s the Great Royal Wife (or chief consort/wife) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV and mother-in-law of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. She is considered to Cleopatra as the famous Queen of Egypt.Because of her feminine beauty you can see that she had greatly influenced the standard in the art of photography for the 20th century, not only in Egypt but also around the world. Cleopatra When you recover of the phrase queen of Egypt. She will be the first one that will enter your mind. For many she is a not only one of the most beautiful queen and seductress that ever lived in the history of men. lower-ranking did other people know that Cleopatra was an educated in the sciences, and no doubt encouraged scientists and discussed their findings and thoughts with them.She would have been an friction match among them, not because of her social standing, but because of her intelligence and education Furthermore. She is brilliant early mathematician, chemist and philosopher who wrote science books and met hebdomadal with a team of scientific experts, according to a forthcoming book (Viegas, 2004).ReferencesBaron, Beth (2005) Egypt as a adult female Nationalism, Gender and Politics. University of California Press. Mernissi, Fatima (1993) The Forgotten Queens of Islam. University of Minnesota Press, In Charis Waddy, Women in Muslim History, Longman, 1980 http//www.forbes.com/lists/2005/11/GGD7.html

The Power of a Magnifying Glass Essay Example for Free

The Power of a Magnifying Glass EssayThe magnification of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the users eye and the object being viewed, and the total distance between them. The magnifying advocatorfulness is equivalent to angular magnification (this should non be confused with optical office staff, which is a different quantity). The magnifying world power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the users retina with and without the lens.3 For the without contingency, it is typically assumed that the user would bring the object as cobblers last to the eye as possible without it becoming blurry. This point, known as the near point, varies with age. In a teenage child it can be as close as 5 cm, while in an senior(a) person it may be as far as angiotensin-converting enzyme or two metres. Magnifiers are typically characterized using a standard value of 0.25 m.The highest magnifying power is obtained by putting the lens in truth close to th e eye and moving the eye and the lens together to obtain the best focus. The object lead whence typically also be close to the lens. The magnifying power obtained in this condition is MP0 = + 1, where is the optical power in dioptres, and the factor of comes from the assumed distance to the near point ( m from the eye). This value of the magnifying power is the one normally used to characterize magnifiers. It is typically denoted m, where m = MP0. This is sometimes called the total power of the magnifier (again, not to be confused with optical power).Magnifiers are not always used as described above, however. It is more more comfortable to put the magnifier close to the object (one focal duration away). The eye can then be a larger distance away, and a good image can be obtained genuinely easily the focus is not very sensitive to the eyes exact position. The magnifying power in this case is roughly MP = . A typical magnifying glass might have a focal length of 25 cm, correspo nding to an optical power of 4 dioptres. Such a magnifier would be sold as a 2 magnifier. In actual use, an observer with typical eyes would obtain a magnifying power between 1 and 2, depending on where lens is held. Using this principle, a magnifying glass can also be used to focus light, such as to concentrate the suns radiation to create a hot pick out at the focus.

Asses the Merits of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Asses the Merits of Utilitarianism EssayUtilitarianism is a hypothesis aimed at defining one simple basis that can be applied when making any honourable decision. It is based on a humans natural instinct to seek delight and avoid vexation. Jeremy Bentham is wide regarded as the father of utilitarianism. He was born in 1748 into a family of lawyers and was himself, training to join the profession. During this process save, he became disillusioned by the state British law was in and set out to reform the organisation into a perfect one based on the ?Greatest Happiness Principle, ? the idea that pleasurable consequences be what qualify an motion as cosmos honourablely good. Bentham observed that we are solely governed by pain and pleasure we all naturally aim to seek pleasure and avoid pain. He then unflinching that the best moral principle for governing our lives is one which uses this, the ? Greatest Happiness Principle. This is that the amount of overall satisfacti on or un contentment that is caused by an action should determine whether an action is right or wrong.He stated, ? the superior happiness of all those whose interest is in point is the right and proper, and only right and proper finish up of human action Here Bentham is saying that the principle is the only valid of deciding and justifying our actions, that the principle should be applied regardless of any other(a)s, as it is the only true and reliable way of defining whether an action is right or wrong. An advantage of utilitarianism is that it can be applied to any situation.Un equivalent many moral approaches you are non restricted by rules such as ? it is always wrong to lie, or ? cleansing is never right. This allows the philosopher to consider any dilemma or problem in its own specific context. For workout applying Kantian ethics, abortion or euthanasia would have to be defined as wrong, however a utilitarian has the scope to make there own decision considering a rang e of factors and situations.Bentham realised that because this theory is based on the outcome of our actions it may be difficult to assess fairly which action go forth produce the most happiness. He therefore developed the ? hedonistic calculus, a form of calculating the happiness resulting from an act by assessing 7 varied factors of the pleasure produced such as intensity and duration.In doing this Bentham was attempting to create well-nigh sort of happiness ? currency which would allow us to compare happiness as if it were heedful in numbers, this of course cannot be possible, the thought of existence able to compare different pleasures almost scientifically is just not feasible, and of course many pleasures rely on the context they occur in for example, if I were starving, a sandwich might seem the greatest affair in the world, however, if I went out for an high-priced gourmet meal and was served a simple sandwich I expect I would be sooner disappointedAnother problem wit h Benthams philosophy is that he would not distinguish between pleasure and pain, plainly defining them as the uniform subject.In my opinion pleasure is generally a momentary thing whilst happiness is a to a greater extent lasting and consistent thing. One might gain pleasure from sitting observation TV all day long. However in doing he is missing work and so will end up with no job and no money to support himself (and pay his TV licence ) and will presumably be left unhappy. So, as instituted by this example, pleasure is not necessarily happiness and Bentham, was mistaken to define them together The usefulness of his calculus, and the way Bentham defined pleasure came into question from one of his students, J.S.Mill who found his approach too general and simplistic. Mill rejected Benthams idea that all pleasures are the same and can be compared, he felt that there were different types or ? levels of pleasure, and that or so are more desirable or valuable than others. He decid ed that some pleasures or more desirable and meaningful than others, that there are ? higher and ? lower pleasures, the lower being animal pleasures such as the satisfaction of a full stomach, having a drink when your thirsty, sex etc.These are the same kinds of pleasures that an animal would experience and therefore if one only strives for these pleasures they are not much different to an animal. The other pleasures Mill described were ? higher more desirable, pleasures such as reading a good record or enjoying the opera. This image however poses a big problem. How can one reasonably calculate pleasure as a whole if there are different ? levels of pleasure, and how much more worth does a higher pleasure carry than a lower pleasure?These pleasures would also be rated differently by different people, some might much rather watch TV than a play so TV would therefore make them happier. If an act is right because it makes one feel happy, then for the person watching TV would therefore be the right thing to do. There are sometimes slightly different criterions used in Utilitarianism. There are two different forms, ? positive and ? negative utilitarianism, ? positive quest to maximise good and ? negative to minimise suffering or misemploy.The latter however seems to defeat the concept of the ? greatest good as minimising harm is not necessarily making people happy, for example not inflicting harm on someone is not really going to contribute to their happiness, it may prevent them from being unhappy, but as specified earlier, the goal of utilitarianism is happiness. ?Negative utilitarianism seems to encourage laziness, to enforce the attitude that it is better to do nothing than take an action that could possibly cause pain. There are two general types of utilitarianism. consummation utilitarianism is basically what Bentham discussed, an act being right if it creates the greatest happiness, it relies on this one simple formula being applied to every single act. T his method is one that virtually comes naturally and is scientific in its approach, however it has been criticised as sometimes justifying something which one would intuitively regard as wrong. An example often used to demonstrate this in a neighbourhood where there is a lot of racially motivated disruption and force a member of one of the involved races is raped by a member of the ? rival race.The honcho officer of the law knows exactly who committed the disgust and it can easily be proven. However by sentencing this man the community will learn of the crime and there would almost certainly be a riot causing mass destruction and probably multiple deaths. However he could easily throw away the case and the crime would go unnoticed. According to act utilitarianism it would be best to ignore the case and not press charges, as it would lead to the maximum happiness to the community ? no riots, death etc. This plain seems to completely go against what most people see as right and fa ir and completely pit ones natural moral response.In an effort to try and avoid these incidents rule utilitarianism was created. This is where rules are drawn up using utilitarian principles. Rule utilitarians assess a specific act such as ignoring crime and not providing justice to the victim, rather than investigating every single act in its own psyche context. Rule utilitarianism seems to avoid the potential injustices that could be permitted with act utilitarianism. profess utilitarianism seems to exclude the aspects of utilitarianism that make it more likable than other theories of morality, the freedom to assess every single act in its own individual context.Act Utilitarianism, like any other ? list of rules approach to morality can be wrong in certain situations and encourages people to blindly follow rules. Utilitarianism is a reality, not just a theory like many other philosophies it is practiced every day, for instance the vote system. This ongoing practice of utilitari anism in clubhouse has show that it is flawed. Just because the masses vote for something, doesnt make it right. The masses can be fooled, as in Nazi Germany for example, thousands of people were behind Hitler even though his actions were undeniably evil.Utilitarianism is a logical system, but it requires some sort of basic, firm rules to prevent such gross injustices, violations of human rights, and just obviously wrong thing ever being allowed. This could be the ? harm principle which Mill devised. ?Acts of whatever kind, which, without justifiable cause, do harm to others, may be, and in the more important cases absolutely require to be, controlled by the unfavorable sentiments, and, when needful, by the bustling interference of mankind. The liberty of the individual must(prenominal) be thus far limited he must not make himself a nuisance to other people.

Robert Brownings The Laboratory and Carol Ann Duffys Havisham Essay Example for Free

Robert Brownings The Laboratory and Carol Ann Duffys Havisham renderThe Laboratory by Robert Browning and Havisham by Carol Ann Duffy are dickens poesys which are representations of a womans penalise and fury that takes place when angered by a manly. It is a guide to what havoc a womans wrath can commence plainly to get her revenge digest. We also come to realise as to what continuance a woman can go and the malicious capacities she displays out of revenge. It shows that the actions of a man can second the character of a woman from a calm, loving individual into that of a ferocious, almost wicked one. This is coined in a famous phrase Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned.In Carol Ann Duffys poem we see how outraged she is, as in the title of the poem she only mentions Havisham without specifying that she is lack Havisham resenting the fact that she has been rejected by her lover. In heart breaking desperation she curses Not a twenty-four hour period since then I h avent wished him dead. Bitter resentment brought even a change in her life as the verse clearly shows Whole days in bed cawing She degrades herself to the state of an animal, even a unaccompanied one because she came unsocial.Due to his actions, she stereotypes every male and distrusts them as shown in the phrase Give me a male corpse for a long s low gear honeymoon. Similarly, in Robert Brownings poem we see a woman regretting having indisputable a male however she is a lot outraged by the fact that the husband has betrayed her, so she curses and plans to off her competitor. She seems desperate to get her revenge back, but also enjoy the time it takes to plan her murder. Both poems show the phrase, Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned which means that even brilliance does not have the fury or rage to match a woman who has been deceived. This phrase was usually used when women started to have equal rights as men.Although these poems drivel similar meaning, revenge is ex pressed in antithetic ways. In Carol Ann Duffys poem Havisham we see that the victim shows great signs of rejection, although she feels that she is powerless to do anything. She is constantly assured(predicate) of her situation and curses her lover for his actions. Havisham seems very supine and pathetic, while the person in Robert Brownings poem seems much more aggressive, responsive and strong to her situation. Havisham is so mentally unstable that she is only able to hope evil things willing happen to him, reminiscent of a kid who is powerless to do anything when opposed by someone larger than them.The woman in Robert Brownings poem is possibly trying to reclaim back some power by planning to actually use physical force on the target. We can also total from these facts that the two women differ in ages. Havisham is obviously the older woman as she describes herself in the sentence ropes on the back of my hands, which may mean that her skin is fragile such as that of an old person or from so much tensing and being angry. Her old age could also explain why she has such a passive personality. We see that she is very frustrated as she uses inappropriate language in the oxymoronic phrase Beloved peach tree bastard. This shows more resentment and hatred to the husband. While in Robert Brownings poem we see that the woman is very aware of her beauty and she says Shes not little, no minion like me This may suggest that her rival is larger, therefore unattractive. Since we know that she is young and more energetic, it could be why she is deciding to use physical force.These two women feel pretty much the same about the men who disturbed them however, we see that in Havisham the woman detests all males, whilst in Robert Brownings poem we see that the woman wants another chance with the husband as she says on the last line Ere I know it next moment I dance at the Kings. Both women have very low self esteem as they cannot take it that they have been left and the man has departed. They cannot accept their own constituent and this has made them very weak and they cannot keep control of their own lives.The woman in The Laboratory resents her rival who has attracted her husband. She feels that removing her rival would relieve oneself things better and also she thinks that she will have her husband back as shown in the phrase next moment I dance at the Kings. In Havisham the lady bear a grudge to the man who has left her on the wedding her and she is astounded to be Spinster. In the phrase her, myself she is does not even experience who she is and clearly does not want to be in such position. She clearly wants to cause damage but because of the circumstance she does not even bother as in the sentence money box I suddenly bite awake and Bang.Both of these women are mentally unstable. In Havisham, we see that she has disconnected the power of speech. Since she has no-one to talk to she often makes animal noises as she believes that she ha s been rejected like an animal. This is in the phrase cawing Nooooo at the wall and Puce curses that are sounds not words., this also shows us that animals caw and make noises so we can derive that she is already mentally stable in behaving the ways she is.She has remained in her wedding dress since the day she was hypothetic to get married, this suggest that she will do anything to get married and cannot carry on without getting married. In Robert Brownings poem, we see that the lady is deranged as she imagines very evil thoughts towards her rivals Pauline and Elise. She has a certain merriment watching the apothecary which is very unusual and suggests that she is missing pleasure from being with her husband. Both women are sexually frustrated at the fact that they have been left for someone else and they considered themselves degraded.In these poems a lot of medieval literature is used throughout to emphasize on the severity and longing of a male partner. It explores unwiseness and isolation and is set in very old houses which fit the scene of horror and evil. The poem contains umpteen supernatural and decay in them and vivid description of death and mysterious things. Both women act in an uncivilised manner such as the phrase the dress yellowing which could mean that she does not change them and urinates in them. This also makes her seem like an animal. In The Laboratory we see that the woman goes to a secret contraband place to an alchemist for making her poison. This is all associated with gothic literature.Both poems carry very similar meanings and are expressed in different ways and the supposed audience is for people who treat women as possessions and does not recognise them as a favour. Both women have reacted in very different manners but carry a same important meaning. It reinforces the fact that women may cause ultimate harm if provoked and make men more aware of them. The women are similar because they have experience the same thing, they are just reacting in different ways to each other. Which way is more efficient is another question.

The abolitionist Essay Example for Free

The abolitionist EssayMy free life began on the third of September, 1838. On the morning of the 4th of that month, after an burning and most perilous but safe journey, I found myself in the big city of sweet York, a free man, one more added to the mighty throng which, like the confused waves of the troubled sea, surged to and fro in the midst of the lofty w alls of Broadway. (Douglass, 1962) Frederick Douglass, indeed, was well prepared to enter the abolitionist crusade in August 1841 as a lecturer for the mommy Anti-Slavery Society. Concerned with any publicity that could expose him to discoery and arrest by his master, In August 1841, after delivering his first speeches before a predominantly unobjectionable abolitionist audience at Nantuckets Atheneum Hall, Douglass was invited to become a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. Douglass at first declined the invitation, but John A. Collins, world(a) agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, refused to take no for an answer, and Douglass reluctantly accepted his request.His preparation began during his twenty-year enslavement, and by the time he escaped from slavery in 1838, he had gained valuable experiences that contributed to his understanding of rhetoric and his identity as an orator. (Lampe, 1998, pg 1) Frederick Douglass It is no surprise, then, that people began to question whether Douglass had ever been a slave. How, they wondered, could anyone who had been a slave and deprived of a formal facts of life speak so eloquently and conduct himself with so much dignity and grace on the political platform? During all these activities Douglass demonstrated his deep and abidingcommitment to the antislavery movement.He weathered unfriendly audiences, health problems, inclement weather, and assaults on the abolitionist cause. The conventional view of Douglass at this stage of his career is that he confined his remarks to a simple narrative of his slave experiences, that he was very much under the wing of Garrison and the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, and that he adhered strictly to Garrisonian doctrine. Everywhere he went he attracted large and enthusiastic audiences and infused excitement into the crusade against slavery.Douglass verbalise he was always ready to speak on slavery,and added, in reply to some one who craved to have his name and that of the preceding speaker announced, and that he was afraid we cared too much to know who it is that speaks, or else of weighing well what was said. Douglass traveled extensively without the Bay State delivering his antislavery message. His rhetorical activities included noble speaking performances at county, state, regional, and national antislavery meetings, as well as a solo lecture circuit of Massachusetts. In addition, he played a crucial role in a lecture hobble of Cape Cod, in which he traveled with William Lloyd Garrison, Henry C.Wright, and George Bradburn. In all of these activities, Dougla ss strengthened his standing as a powerful voice in the struggle for immediate abolition. A number of historians, recognizing the insufficiency and shortcomings of the white missionary effort, have emphasized instead the role of raw preachers in spreading Christianity. There is, of course, big truth in one Southern clergymans observation that the colored people will, in spite of all our efforts, have more confidence in the views of leading colored members. At the same time, however, evidence suggests that black preachers intent on spreading the gospel to the unconverted faced considerable barriers, as Fanny Kemble witnessed in Georgia in 1839 There were a short time ago two free black preachers in this neighborhood, but they have lately been ejected from the place. I could not clearly learn, but one may possibly imagine, upon what grounds. (Rael, 1997) Frederick Douglass, who spoke after Garnet at the Convention, denounced the idea of a violent rebellion.Douglass, an eloquent e x-slave from Maryland, was the leading African American spokesperson of the time. Although he had been Garrisons protege and friend, they eventually had a public and dramatic falling out over differing interpretations of the Constitution. Whereas Garrison regarded the Constitution as a pro-slavery document, even going so far as to publicly burn it, Douglass took the wording of the Constitution to imply federal authority to either restrict or stamp out slavery. (PBS Africans).1843 was to be the year of the Hundred Conventionsa hundred antislavery meetings planned by the American Anti slavery Society. The goal of a hundred was never actually reached, but Douglass himself spoke at nearly that more meetings in 1843 as he traveled across New England, upstate New York, Ohio and Indiana, and back through Pennsylvania, gaining an increasingly strong and independent voice. While preaching against slavery as it existed in the South, he make constant references to what he was facing now in t he Northa North that would not jibe him equality.He believed fervently that the ending of slavery would mean the beginning of full manhood for his brothers and himself. With its end, they and he would be paid attention to, would be respected. Somehow, it was slavery that had bred the poison of racism. In the company of devoted proponents of universal reform, he did not waver in his belief that slavery was the one overjustifying evil that had to be gotten rid of before any other goals, however desirable, should be sought.

Social networking Essay Example for Free

accessible networking EssayAfter investigating social networking sites (SNS) and their consequences on todays society, I lay down come up with disparate views and I was not able to decide whether they influence in a positive way or in the negative way. In my view if each SNS lend oneselfr considered some boundaries for themselves regarding their occupation or opposite questions, relating their age the employment of SNS does not ca lend oneself any threat or harm.The huge disadvantage of these sites is that we argon not aw are of the other persons true identity but as I said forward by considering some boundaries, mean not providing confidential discipline we foot secure us from diametrical types of safety issues. Social Networking is a way which is used to socialize via the internet and portable devices.During my research I have read a Time online article Is social networking a waste of m? and set up that in organisations the loss of productivity is because of emp loyees multi-tasking between actual work and social network which I go forth discuss further on in this essay. As I moved forward on this research I gain more(prenominal) information about SNS and found another useful article Is my aloofness is intelligent for society in which experts has discussed the SNS effects on our society. This research along with class discussions and handouts entrust relieve oneself this research project.As I mentioned before SNS users has to consider boundaries regarding their occupation, if they are going to ignore this point they will not produce beneficial results, such as employees at work place use the SNS to go along to their families or friends they ignorenot put as much effort as they spouse to towards their job which will be result for company in loss of productivity. An estimate shows that British industry loss i 6. 5 billion per annum productivity and uncertain bandwidth usage.Lets look at the student progress in High civilize for a whi le a Global Secure System performed a survey on d English school children between the age of 13 and 17. The result of this survey shows that 51% of student sustain to being on SNS to check their profiles during lessons and over a quarter declare that they spend more than 30 minutes on SNS each day at school. All these result shows that teens are actually heartbreaking about social networking. For them failing to attend to these duties could end friendships and go down their reputations.On the University level the use of SNS are same as in other educational areas. But I have notice that after being encouraged and directed by their professors student have made good use of these resources. A lecturer at John Cabot University in Rome reveal that he encourage the students to be creative, to promote their online student newspaper which just over a year from launch is pulling in progressively rising traffic. No doubt all the blog, Facebook and MySpace mentions are helping.He had stude nts who use social networking sites to ground and promote projects on fighting poverty and eradicating hunger, organising music gigs art and photo exhibitions plus arrange outfit ups for political rallies. An assistant professor of Telecommunication Information Studies and Media at Michigan State University believe that SNS have made us better off as a society and individuals. By the passage of time we will see increase in SNS utility as more population will arrogate it.Political activities organized via Facebook, Job found through LinkedIn and growing amount of academic research on SNS are the evidence of positive outcomes of this technology. During the last three years a research has been carried out by a team at the Michigan State university to find out wherefore individuals would voluntarily use a site that based on media reports, offer only a way to disclose information they should not reveal, collect hundreds of friends they did not know and waste time which can be spent o n studies.In this research they done a survey to understand the benefit individuals receive from their relationships with other on SNS. They found that individuals are able to receive information and ideas from the peck they dont know very sur boldness. They are use Facebook to increase the size of their social network and therefore their access to more information and various perspectives. To happen upon SNS from psychological point I want to state the views of a psychology professor William Reader at Sheffield Hallam University.He thinks it is difficult to say with any degree of assurance that SNS influence in a good way or bad way. He believe that SNS may help to make friends without engaging in face to face contact with people but face to face contact are very important. Shared attitudes are important for friendship. We know that people like to join together with people who are like them. The more similar we are to our friends the less room there is for argument on interest. In his opinions SNS will never replace face to face communication in the development of close friendships.Anyone can post you are cool on the Facebook but genuine smiles and laughs are a much more dependable signs of someones suitability as a trustworthy friend. We can realize that many people on SNS are meeting with other people before they meet each other face to face. As a result of this when many students begin university they find themselves with a group of readymade associates. Given peoples liking for people who are like them growing the development of homogeneous friendship networks.In a way this cannot be considered as a good situation, choosing potential friends via Facebook profiles, it mean that people cut themselves off from unexpected encounters with those who are apparently different from them, ethnically, socio-economically and even in term of musical taste. A former Apple marketing director and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution Steve Chazin believe that this technology has changed our lives for the better, but at a cost. It provides great benefits but also the way we use to live are changing and everybody cannot happily adopt these changes.In their opinions tools provided by SNS have improved the quality of peoples lives and made it nearly effortless for us to keep in touch with friends, family, colleagues and also have increased the chances to make new friends and create a community. The negatives are that all the sharing of information can lead to some harmful situations like recruiters can assess young professionals profiles which are applying for jobs by hacking into their SNS accounts and make decision on based of the accessed information. As well as becoming computer addicted and committing suicide can also become a matter due to the SNS.Now having researched into social networking my views are still the same as I originally supposition but now I have more knowledge, a better understanding of social networking and why peopl e do it. Also I realize that negative impact of SNS can be lessen by encouraging and directing the users in positive way e. g. education, advertising etc Also I was immensely delighted to discover individuals views regarding the future which they believe we can interact with others on the Web, by having truly immersive face to face video conversations and experience a fusion of our real and cyber worlds where second life becomes second nature.

Dtmf Based Water Controller Essay Example for Free

Dtmf Based urine ascendence EssayAlong with these problems there is no facility for protection from unauthorized user price of admission to the system shimmy. Why use Intelligent Water Pump? 1)Manual switching is not beneficial in if user is far away from switching station. 2)Timer found switching circuits are beneficial if duration of hitch operation is fixed. merely most of the cases it is not fixed. 3)General remote switching facility provides the efficient solution for these problem. But it is to a fault affected with the parameter range of operation. Intelligent Water Pump provides the exact solution for these problems. It uses the experience of microcontroller on with the powerful peripherals. It uses GSM intercommunicate which is now a days available in most of the places. It also provides password protection facility to protect the system from unauthorized use. It not on provides the remote switching of the system but also provides the status of system electri cal energy to the user. The system provides instant access along with uncommon voice interaction facility. Operation . GSM network- GSM stands for Global System for lively Communication It provides the network service for communication to both user controller side fluid phone. 2. User side brisk phone- User sends the accessing commands to the Pump control unit using his mobile phone. Users mobile phone also plays the received voice feedback messages from Pump control system. 3. Controller side mobile phone- Controller use this mobile phone to detect presence of call users commands( in the form of DTMF com wanderer code) from headset output. in any case voice feedback messages are put on the Mic i/p of this mobile. 4. Ring detector- When user get ahead the call , at that time the presence of ring on receiver mobile phone is detected by this circuit to inform the controller that user wants to access the system. 5. DTMF decoder- When user enters the picking,the decoder IC8870 decodes the choice equivalent binary no. are available on its o/p(Q1 to Q4). Whenever new code comes ,the DTMF decoder will pulse low (STB pin) informing microcontroller that codes are available please take them. 5. words circuit-All the voice messages required to inform the user about controlling action are stored in the voice rom(IC APR 9600). As per the trigger and control i/p from microcontroller, speech circuit put several(prenominal) voice message on the mic i/p of controller side mobile phone. 6. Controller- Microcontroller(89S52) keeps co-ordination among all peripherals. Whenever call is detected it takes controlling action according to users choice and plays respective voice messages for users acknowledgment. It also provides controlling signal for switching circuit as per electricity status user choice. . Switching tour of duty - It is basically a causal agentr circuit which provides the making and pause of ac mains to the water pump as per signal from controller . It consist of electromechanical relay and relay driver(IC2803) to drive it. 8. Water Pump- Water Pump is a load which is to be controlled by intelligence of microcontroller based system. 9. AC mains detector- This block detects the presence of AC mains. Controller check the status of this block onwards providing ON switching signal to the Water pump.Also availability of electricity can be judged from this block. 10. agent Supply- It provides necessary power to system components as per requirement for their operation. It provides the regulated power supply along with Battery Backup facility. Block diagram of Intelligent Water Pump pic User Side Mobile GSM Network Controller Side Mobile Mobile Ring Detector DTMF Decoder Speech Circuit Power Supply To All Blocks C O N T R O L L E R Water Pump AC mains Detector Switching Circuit Mic i/p Headset

Structure And Properties Of Ibuprofen

Structure And Properties Of isobutylphenyl propionic acid isobutylphenyl propionic acid, which is a member of the propionic unpleasant group of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, drugs (NSAIDs). Ibuprofen is a racemic mixture of +S- and -R-enantiomers. Ibuprofen contains contains a stereocenter in the -position of thepropionate mediety. Studies shown that +S - isobutylphenyl propionic acid was the active form and it showed natural process in both in-vivo and in-vitro.Ibuprofen is white to off-white in colour and occurs as a vapourous powder, with a melting point of 74 to 77C. It is practically insoluble in urine, but promptly soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone. Ibuprofen has a pKa value of 4.430.03 and an n-octanol/water partition coefficient of 11.7 at pH 7.4. The chemical name for ibuprofen is ()-2-(p-iso-butylphenyl) propionic acid. The molecular(a) weight of ibuprofen is 206.28. Its molecular formula is C13H1802.Mechanism of actionThe major action of Ibupr ofen and all separate Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and is the suppression of the cyclooxygenase enzyme or the COX enzymes and hence inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. These cyclooxygenase enzymes catalyse the reaction of synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid, which in turn is synthesized from phospholipids by the action of the phospholipase enzyme. The prostaglandins and thromboxanes ar then responsible for the synthesis of various inflammatory mediators. in that respect are two types of cyclooxygenase enzymes namely, cyclooxygenase enzyme-I (COX-I) and cyclooxygenase enzyme-II (COX-II). COX-I is a constitutive enzyme which is released in most of the trunk tissues including the blood platelets. COX-I performs a house-keeping role in the eubstance and is involved in the tissue homeostasis. Whereas, COX-II is present in the inflammatory cells and is responsible for the production of prostanoid mediators, which are responsible for inflammation, pain and fever. Therefore, stifling of the COX-II leads to the anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activity of ibuprofen and whereas on the otherwise hand, inhibition of COX-II is responsible for the unwanted effects of ibuprofen in the gastric mucosa and on platelet aggregation.In 2002, a study reported that, ibuprofen selectively inhibits a spick-and-span variantof theCOX enzyme that was totally differentfrom thethen known two variants of cyclooxygenase enzymes, the COX-I andCOX-II. This iso-enzyme is now referred as the COX-III enzyme. Study too showed that this COX-III enzyme was only expressed in thebrain andin thespinal cord. Its exactmechanicsand actions is still poorly understood, but future researchmay providefurther insight into how it works. A study on rats has shown that administration of ibuprofen increases thebioavailability of serotonin (5-HT) in rats and evidence for a similar weaponin humans was also found. Chronic ibuprofen doses in ra t showed down-regulation of central 5-HT2A receptors andan increasein thenumber of serotonin transporter proteins.In 2006, a study showed that ibuprofen is converted to N-arachidonoyl phenolamine, or AM404, a compound known as an endogenous cannabinoid reuptake inhibitor and it indirectly activates theCB-I cannabinoid receptor, resultingin analgesia. This activity was proven through with(predicate) theinduction of a CB-I receptor antagonistwhichresulted in thereversal of theanalgesic actionof ibuprofen.PharmacokineticsAbsorptionIbuprofen is well absorbed from the gastro intestinal folder. The peak plasma level of ibuprofen is reached within 1 to 2 hours. It was shown in a study that absorption of ibuprofen is faster in fasting conditions. Food affects the rate of absorption of ibuprofen but the extent of absorption remains unchanged. The study also showed that, ibuprofen when administered with forage delays the time taken for peak plasma concentration by approximately 30-60 minu tes.DistributionIbuprofen interchangeable the other agents of its class is highly protein butt. It was found in a study that about 90-99% of ibuprofen was protein bound at a concentration of 20g/ml and this binding was non-linear. The spate of distribution ibuprofen changes with age and fever conditions. Studies reveal that febrile childrens less than 11 years old confuse volume of distribution approximately 0.2 L/kg, while adults have volume of distribution approximately 0.12 L/kg. metabolismIbuprofen is extensively metabolised in the liver to form inactive metabolic compounds. Ibuprofen is mainly metabolised by glucoronidation reaction. A study showed that majority of the ibuprofen dose was recovered in the urine as hydroxy phenyl propionic acid (25%) and carboxy propyl phenyl propionic acid (37%) metabolites.EliminationIbuprofen and its inactive metabolites are rapidly and completely excreted by the kidney. About 95% of the administered dose of ibuprofen is eliminated in the urine. The elimination half-life of ibuprofen is in the draw of 1.9 hours to 2 hours.Pharmacological activityIbuprofen has the following pharmacological actions on the biological systemantipyretic effect painkiller effectAnti-inflammatory effectAntipyretic effectA recipe body temperature is regulated by a centre in the hypothalamus that ensures a balance between heat way out and heat production in the body. Therefore, the hypothalamus maintains a normal temperature of the body and thus it acts as a thermostat. When in that location is a disturbance in this hypothalamic thermostat, temperature of the body set by the hypothalamus is raised, fever occurs. Ibuprofen and other Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reset this rise in the temperature. It regulates various temperature regulatory mechanisms such as dilation of trivial blood vessels, sweating and so forth to reduce the temperature. Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs do not affect the normal temperature.Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs are thought to act as antipyretic agents by inhibiting the prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus. During an inflammatory reaction, the bacterial endotoxins cause a release of a pyrogen-IL-1 from macrophages. This release of pyrogen stimulates the generation of E-type prostaglandins in the hypothalamus, this in turn causes the elevation of temperature. There are evidences that prostaglandins are not the only mediators of fever, hence ibuprofen and other NSAIDs may have some alternate mechanisms for their antipyretic activity which is not yet known.Analgesic effectIbuprofen is mainly effective against pain associated with inflammation or tissue damage. This is due to the inhibition of prostaglandins that sensitise nociceptors to inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin. Therefore ibuprofen is effective against pains that are associated with change magnitude prostaglandin synthesis. Their ability to relieve headache may be related to the inhibition of the vasodilator effect o f prostaglandins on the cerebral vasculature. There are some evidences that ibuprofen have a central effect by an action mainly in the spinal cord where it inhibits the COX-III enzyme. This action of ibuprofen is not yet intelligibly known.Anti-inflammatory activityMany chemical mediators are released when there is a stimulus of an inflammatory and supersensitised response. This response leads to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, cell accumulation, etc., which are produced by several mechanisms. Furthermore, different mediators may be of particular importance in different inflammatory and allergic conditions. Ibuprofen reduces mainly those components of the inflammatory and repellent response in which mediators produced by COX-II enzyme action plays a significant part. The components inhibited by ibuprofen are vasodilation, oedema and pain. Ibuprofen has no effect on those processes which contribute to tissue damage as in chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheum atoid arthritis, vasculitis and nephritis.Uses of ibuprofenIbuprofen is use to treat a wide range of illnesses such as headaches, backache, menstrual cramps, dental pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, muscular pain, migraine, arthritis and athletic injuries. Ibuprofen is also used to reduce fever and to relieve minor aches and pain caused due to gross cutting or flu.In a recent study, it was found that ibuprofen was effective in the treatment of Alzheimers disease when given in low doses over a long period of time. A study also showed that ibuprofen is associated with a lower peril of Parkinsons disease, and ibuprofen may help in delaying and prevent it.. unbecoming effects of IbuprofenIbuprofen appears to havethelowestincidence of unfortunatedrugreactions(ADRs)when compared to all othernon-selectiveNSAIDs. However, this only holdstrueat lower doses of ibuprofen. Common adverseeffects of ibuprofen with the gastrointestinal tract include nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn, gastrointestin al ulceration and bleeding, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, stomach pain. Effects on central nervous system include headache, dizziness, fatigue and nervousness. Hypersensitivity reactions include skin rashes, itching. In really rare cases ex-foliative dermatitis and epidermal necrolysis has been observed. Infrequentadverseeffect includes- oesophageal ulceration, heart failure, hyperkalaemia, renal impairment, confusion,bronchospasm, andsalt andfluid retention 11PhotosensitivityLike the other agents of the NSAIDs,ibuprofen has also been reported to bea photosensitisingagent.1213However, this only rarely occurs with ibuprofen andit is considered to bea very unaccented photosensitisingagentwhen compared with other members of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This is because theibuprofen molecule containsonly a single phenyl moiety andnobondconjugation,resultingin a very weak chromophore system anda very weak absorption spectrumwhichdoes not reachinto thesolar spectrum.Cardiovascul ar riskIbuprofen has been reported to elevate theriskof myocardial infarction,particularly amongthose taking chronicallyhighdoses of ibuprofen 14Risk in pregnancyStudies havefound an increased riskof miscarriagewith theuse of ibuprofen in early pregnancy however, there are no thorough findings inthis association.There are alsoconcernsthat drugs suchas ibuprofen may interfere with implantation of theearly foetus, although a clear risk has not been established. When ibuprofen is used as directed in thefirstandsecond trimester of pregnancy,it is not associated with an increased riskfor birth defects. However, ibuprofen is generally not usedduringpregnancy because there are concernswith theiruse duringthethird trimester.Ibuprofen overdoseIbuprofen is the most commonly and widely used Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent all over the world. Since, ibuprofen was licensed as an over the counter drug, ibuprofen overdose became a common phenomenon.The most common symptoms of ibuprofen overd ose are unsteadiness, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, gastrointestinal, nausea plus vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pain, seeming loss of blood in intestinal areas or stomach or both, headache, agitation, drowsiness, incoherence and confusion etc. Sometimes more serious symptoms are also noticed in some victims, such as seizure, gastrointestinal bleeding, metabolic acidosis, respiratory depression, hyperkalaemia, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, coma, hepatic dysfunction, renal failure, cyanosis, and cardiac arrest etc., however these symptoms are very rare. Theseverity of symptoms varies with the ingested doseandthetime elapsed. However, individual sensitivity also playsan importantrole. Generally,thesymptoms observed with an overdoseof ibuprofen are similar to thesymptoms caused byan overdose of other NSAIDs.Doses of ibuprofen below 100 mg/kg are less likely to produce any toxic effects. But doses of ibuprofen above 400 mg/kg are considered an overdose and can result into any of the above consequences.