Crime Data Comparison

In the late 1920’s the idea was recognized by the International Association of Chiefs of Police or most commonly known as the (IACP), that there needed to be a more reliable and accurate way to keep track of all of the crime data and statistics. This information was needed to determine the crimes that were changing from year to year as well as the sources of what could be changing these statistics such as population changes, poverty changes, and so on and so forth. After a few years of deliberation over the record-keeping practices being used at the time, planning for a system called the Uniform Crime Report program (UCR) in which it came in to working effect in 1929. It was in 1930 a year later, in January that the United States Congress enacted a Code that gave the UCR the authority by the attorney general to gather information about crimes. The attorney general then delegated the responsibility to the Federal Bureau of Investigation to act as the bookkeepers for collecting all the crime data for the UCR. In 1930 the FBI became the first agency to start a resource to do just that. Since the beginning of the UCR program every year new data has been collected and published in order to crime statistics for each area across the United States. Information stored would include numbers of different crimes such as murders, arson, burglary, property crimes, rapes, larceny, etc. The UCR program started in January 1930 with data gathered from law enforcement agencies in 400 cities from 43 states submitting information and currently includes approximately 17,000 law enforcement agencies nationwide that voluntarily contribute their crime statistics. Murder or Homicide is an act that happens across the United States. There is not one state safe from it. According to the Uniform Crime Report program in 2011 California was the state with the highest amount of murders with a total of 1,790. The total amount of murders committed at the hands of a firearm is 1,220. Murders committed by knives or cutting instruments 261. One thing that may have an impact on the amount of murders as well as other crimes is the population in California. With an amazing total of 37. 3 million in 2011 with a 10% increase since 2000. With 43% of families in California considered to be low income, the poverty level is very high in California. As described by national statistics that show that most crime is committed in areas of poverty and low-income this could be a reason that the murder or homicide rate is so high in California. Each year with the increase of population the crime rates increase. Across the ocean in Hawaii with the lowest amount of murders/homicides with a low total of seven for the year of 2011. One at the hands of a firearm, two by stabbing or knifes, and three by hands, fists, feet or etc. nd the rest in other ways. With a lower population than California with a total of 1,360,301 with around 953,207 people (70%) living in the city and County of Honolulu for 2011. With a low-income or poverty population percentage of only 13. 7% of the population below the nationwide average income level. It shows that this could have some effect on the murder/homicide statistics being lower than that of California. Also another reason could be that the population of Hawaii is mostly contributed by tourism and most people in Hawaii are only here for travel. In 2011, about 7. million people from around the world visited Hawaii. Another reason that could factor in to the crime rate is 47,410 of the population in Hawaii is military personnel, or 3. 48%. In 2011, an estimated 14,612 persons were murdered in the United States. This was a 0. 7% decrease from the 2010 estimate, a 14. 7% decline from the 2007 figure, and a 10. 0% decrease from the 2002 estimate. There were 4. 7 murders per 100,000 inhabitants, a 1. 5% decrease from the 2010 rate. Compared with the 2007 rate, the murder rate declined 17. 4%, and compared with the 2002 rate, the murder rate decreased 16. %. Nearly 44% (43. 6) of murders were reported in the South, the most populous region, 21. 0% were reported in the West, 20. 6% were reported in the Midwest, and 14. 8% were reported in the Northeast (FBI Uniform Crime Report Statistics). There could be many reasons why the crime rate changes, it could be the area, the upbringing, income, population and also what resources that are available in the area to help youth and people with emotional problems. There are a number of factors that could help persuade a person from committing crime and murder. However one thing is certain as the population increases so does the crime. Although the Uniform Crime Report program definitely shows an improvement from how data and statistics previously were collected, there are still many criticisms about the data's accuracy. The UCR only reports crimes known to police. Due to a high number of crimes that are never reported and the victims that do not report their experiences to law enforcement agencies, the data reported is often inaccurate as for both the number of crimes committed and the number of offenders. Another reason that the UCR is flawed is due to the fact that only crimes considered serious crimes are reported. The data and all of the information that is reported to the UCR is only based on the hierarchy rule: For a crime incident in which multiple offenses were committed only the most serious offense is reported. Furthermore, the UCR reveals more about police behavior than it does about criminality. Some law enforcement agencies falsify the reports they submit to the FBI to lessen the case load for the police station and officers. In which the crimes are never solved. References: FBI Uniform Crime Report Statistics http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/violent-crime/murder http://math2033.uark.edu/wiki/index.php/Uniform_Crime_Reports http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement http://www.californiality.com/2011/03/california-census-data.html http://www.to-hawaii.com/population.php

South African Public Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay

The words â€Å" crisis † and â€Å" wellness attention † follow each other in sentences so frequently in South Africa that most citizens have grown numb to the association. Clinicians, wellness directors and public wellness experts have been speaking about a crisis in entree to wellness attention for more than half a century, and the coming of democracy has non alleviated the state of affairs. South Africa ‘s inability to adequately react to its many crises is besides the consequence of a national health care system designed to supply intervention instead than bar. The over-dependence on hospital-based attention in South Africa non merely makes the health care system expensive and inefficient, but besides precludes much-needed investings in primary and preventive attention. Health curate Dr Aaron Motsoaledi candidly conceded that the public wellness system faces ‘very serious challenges ‘ ( Philip 2009 ) . In this reappraisal I describe the crisis in child care and its effects for the wellness of kids, characterise the implicit in grounds for the crisis, analyze current intercessions and research some medium and longer term solutions.How terrible is the crisis?It is non surprising that the populace ‘s perceptual experience of wellness services are frequently determined by narratives about the attention offered to kids presented in the media. For case, in one hebdomad in May 2010, two narratives dominated newspaper and media headlines in Gauteng. One was the decease of seven newborn babies and the infection of 16 others as a consequence of a deadly infection ( later identified as a norovirus ) acquired by the babies at the Charlotte Maxexe Johannesburg Academic Hospital. At Natalspruit Hospital in Ekhuruleni, 10 kids likewise succumbed to a nosocomial ( hospital acquired ) infection ( Bodibe 2010 ) . These types of events, with big Numberss of kids geting infections in infirmaries are non uncommon, although merely a fraction grabs the headlines. Outbreaks occur at regular intervals at infirmaries throughout the state. An eruption of Klebsiella infection was responsible for 110 babes deceasing at Mahatma Gandhi Hospital in Durban, harmonizing to the administration â€Å" Voice † that threatened a category action instance against the Department of Health. The national wellness section itself has identified infection control as one of six cardinal countries that needed betterment in the public wellness sector ( Department of Health 2010 ) . Poor wellness attention at several Eastern Cape infirmaries left more than 140 kids dead in one of South Africa ‘s poorest territories within the first three months of 2008 ( Thom 2008 ) . A undertaking squad look intoing these deceases in the Ukhahlamba territory concluded that they were non the consequence to any peculiar disease eruption or exposure to contaminated H2O as ab initio suspected, but instead that the wellness service available was hopelessly faulty. ( Report on childhood deceases, Ukhahlamba District, Eastern Cape ) The Ukhahlamba undertaking squad, comprising of three experient public sector baby doctors, painted a inexorable image of Empilisweni Hospital kids ‘s ward where most of the deceases occurred. Problems identified included: The construction and layout of the physical installation was inappropriate – no nurse ‘s station or work surfaces, no separation of â€Å" clean † and â€Å" dirty † countries and no drama or stimulation installations, The ward and cells were overcrowded and no proviso existed for boarder female parents, who paid R30 to kip on the floor next to their kids, There were grossly unequal services – no O and suction points, excessively few electrical sockets, no basins or showers and excessively few lavatories in the patient ablutions, and an unacceptable ward kitchen, Highly limited clinical equipment, Staffing deployment and rotary motion did non advance effectual attention, with few nurses dedicated to the kids ‘s ward and physicians altering wards every two months, go forthing the ward devoid of experient forces, There were limited policy paperss and no protocols or entree to allow clinical mention stuff or guidelines, Clinical patterns were uneffective or unsafe, peculiarly sing infection control and the readying and distribution of infant provenders and medical specialties, Not a individual infirmary record included inside informations about the prescribing or disposal of infant provenders. Fluid direction was severely documented. Three of the kids appeared to hold died from fluid overload due to inappropriate and unregulated fluid disposal, The bulk of the kids were ne'er weighed, their nutritionary position was non assessed nor their Hiv position established. The undertaking squad ‘s audit of 45 of the deceases revealed that most of the deceases occurred within the first 48 hours of admittance to infirmary and were in babies who were self-referred. The dominant diagnosings were diarrheal disease, pneumonia and malnutrition. The undertaking squad concluded that â€Å" These deceases are more likely the consequence of hapless attention of a vulnerable destitute community with high rates of malnutrition among the babies and hapless use of the available wellness services. † The hapless state of affairs described at Empilisweni Hospital is non alone and similar low conditions can be found at many of the pediatric wards at the 401 infirmaries in the state. While nonsubjective grounds to back up this contention does non be, pediatric practicians in many states and scenes would readily admit the veracity of the claim. The account offered by different probes of inauspicious events happening at public infirmaries countrywide is unusually similar. Uniformly, there is a combination of overcrowded wards, understaffing, overpowering work loads, a dislocation of hygiene and infection control processs, and direction failure with a deficiency of scrutinizing or supervising systems to place and react to jobs at an earlier phase.Increasing kid mortalityWhat is non combative is that South Africa is one of merely 12 states where childhood mortality increased from 1990 to 2006 ( Children ‘s Institute 2010 ) , with a doubling of deceases in kids under the age of five old ages in this period ( from about 56 to 100 deceases per 1000 unrecorded births ) . The 2010 UNICEF State of the World ‘s Children estimates South Africa ‘s under 5 decease rate to be 67 per 1000 for 2008 ( UNICEF 2009 ) . This high rate ranks South Africa 141st out of 193 states. The national statistic besides hides pronounced interprovincial fluctuations ; from about 39 per 1 000 in the Western Cape to 111 per 1 000 in the Free State ( McKerrow 2010 ) . A individual disease – HIV- is mostly responsible for the increased mortality. States with a similar economic profile ( Gross National Income [ GNI ] ) as South Africa such as Brazil and Turkey boast about quadruple lower under 5 mortality rates ( U5MR ) . South Africa ‘s high U5MR is even more confusing when compared to poorer states such as Sri Lanka and Vietnam. These two states ‘ U5MRs are approximately five times lower ( 15 and 14 per 1,000 severally ) despite holding a GNI less than one half to a 3rd of South Africa ‘s ( UNICEF 2009, World Bank 2010 ) . Despite being classified as a high in-between income state, South Africa has high degrees of infective diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, HIV, TB and parasitic infections usually found in poorer states. Similarly, there has been small success in cut downing undernutrition in kids – a one-fourth of South Africa ‘s kids are stunted ( short ) . Further, as a consequence of increased urbanization and economic development, the state is besides sing increasing degrees of traumatic hurts and chronic diseases of life style such as fleshiness, diabetes and cardiovascular disease that are more typical of better resourced states. These diseases chiefly affect grownup populations but are progressively being identified in kids. The deterioration in kid wellness has occurred despite important betterment in kids ‘s entree to H2O, sanitation and primary wellness services. About 3000 new clinics have been built or upgraded since 1994, wellness attention is provided for free to kids under 5 old ages and pregnant adult females ( Saloojee 2005 ) , and the kid societal support grant is making 10.5 million kids ( more than half of all kids in the state ) ( Dlamini 2011 ) . These accomplishments have been marred by several defects. Many new clinics and the territory wellness systems are non yet adequately functional because of a deficiency of forces and fundss, hapless disposal, and spread outing demands. Public third wellness attention ( academic infirmary ) services have badly eroded.Characterizing the crisisThe World Health Organization, in 2000, ranked South Africa ‘s wellness attention system as the 57th highest in cost, 73rd in reactivity, 175th in overall public presentation, and 182nd by overall d egree of wellness ( out of 191 member states included in the survey ) ( World Health Organization 2000 ) . What explains this blue evaluation? Despite high national outgo on wellness, inequalities in wellness disbursement, inefficiencies in the wellness system and a deficiency of leading and answerability contribute to South Africa ‘s hapless kid wellness results.Hospitals operate within a dysfunctional wellness systemPoor infirmary attention is but one marker of a dysfunctional wellness system that comprises splodges of independent services instead than a coherent, co-operative attack to presenting wellness attention. Most primary wellness attention services for kids are merely offered during office hours, with some clinics curtailing new patients ‘ entree to services by early afternoon – a waste of available and expensive human resources. Some clinics lack basic diagnostic trials and medicine. Consequently, many infirmary exigency suites are flooded with kids wi th comparatively minor complaints because their health professionals choose non to line up for hours at ill managed local clinics, or prefer accessing wellness services after returning from work. The referral system in which patients are referred from clinics to territory, regional or third infirmaries harmonizing to how serious their wellness jobs are has disintegrated in many parts of the state. Children who require more specialized attention frequently can non acquire it either because they get stuck within a dysfunctional system or because there is no infinite for them at the following degree of attention. Conveyance to secondary and third degree infirmaries is debatable, ensuing in holds or non-arrival, increasing the badness of the disease and intervention costs when the kid does arrive. District infirmary services are the most dysfunctional ( Coovadia 2009 ) , with patients frequently by-passing this degree of attention in scenes where entree to secondary ( regional ) or third attention ( specializer ) services are available. Despite cut-backs in budgets, third attention scenes continue to try to supply ‘first-class ‘ services, which although applaudable, may ensue in over-investigation and intervention, and denial of indispensable attention to kids who reside outside their immediate catchment countries ( because the infirmary is ‘full ‘ ) .Changing wellness environmentSome of the increasing emphasis faced by the public infirmaries may be attributed to the altering wellness environment in which they operate. Two factors are most responsible for the alteration: rapid urbanization and the AIDS epidemic. Urban, township infirmaries are peculiarly affected by the load of increased patient tonss, and hardly get bying with the demand. Although a national strategic program for HIV/AIDS exists, the ability to implement the program is constrained by the tremendous demands on human and financial resources demanded for its execution. The budget allocated to HIV/AIDS has increased from R4.3 billion in 2008 to an estimated R11.4 billion in 2010 ( 13 % of the entire wellness budget ) ( Mukotsanjera 2009 ) . New enterprises aimed at beef uping the HIV/AIDS response, include a national HIV guidance and proving run and the decentalisation of antiretroviral intervention from infirmaries to clinics with nurses now supplying the drugs. About a 3rd of kids at most South African infirmaries are HIV septic. HIV-positive kids are hospitalised more often than HIV-negative kids ( 17 % compared to 4.7 % hospitalised in the 12 months prior to the survey ) ( Shisana 2010 ) . Children with AIDS tend to be sicker and frequently require longer admittances despite enduring from the same spectrum of unwellnesss as ordinary kids. Greater Numberss of patients, higher disease sharp-sightedness degrees and complications, and slower recovery rates all impact on limited resources. High mortality rates take an emotional toll on physicians and nurses. Hospital pediatricss, which has ever been a popular and rewarding pick for freshly qualified physicians because of modern medical specialty ‘s ability to rapidly reconstruct urgently sick kids to wellness has now become much more about chronic attention bringing because of the high figure of HIV infected kids in the wards, many of whom are re-admitted on a regular basis because of perennial infections. In recent old ages, immature physicians have been dissuaded from choosing primary attention subjects, such as pediatricss, and have moved alternatively to prosecuting fortes where contact with patients is limited, such as radiology, for fright of geting HIV from work-related accidents such as needle-stick hurts. The handiness of extremely active antiretroviral ther apy to increasing figure of kids nationally, though still limited to fewer than half of all eligible kids, has the possible to return pediatricss to its old position as a rewarding and fulfilling forte.UnfairnessUnfairnesss and inequalities abound in South African wellness attention disbursement by and large, and specifically sing kids ‘s wellness. Of the R192 billion spent on wellness attention in 2008/09, 58 % was spent in the private sector ( Day 2010 ) . Although this sector merely provides attention to an estimated 15 % of kids, two-thirds of the state ‘s baby doctors service their demands ( Colleges of Medicine of South Africa 2009 ) . Furthermore, of the R90 billion provincial public wellness sector budget, approximately 14 % is spent on cardinal ( third ) infirmary services ( Day 2010 ) , which chiefly benefits kids shacking in urban scenes and wealthier states such as the Western Cape and Gauteng. Similarly, pronounced unfairnesss exist in the figure of wellness professionals available to kids in different states with, for illustration, one baby doctor serving about 8,600 kids in the Western Cape, but 200,000 kids in Limpopo ( Colleges of Medicine of South Africa 2009 ) . This differential exists among most classs of wellness professionals. The current wellness system claims to supply cosmopolitan coverage to kids. Yet, from a resourcing, service bringing and quality position, the handiness and degree of service is unjust with many patients and communities sing significant trouble in accessing the public wellness system. Rural and black communities remain most deprived. Apartheid age derived functions continue in present twenty-four hours wellness attention. Therefore, for case, while the once whites merely Charlotte Maxexe Johannesburg Academic Hospital now chiefly serves a black urban population, its resources including ward installations, staff-patient ratios and overall budget still demo a clear positive prejudice when compared to the resources available to the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital located in Soweto ( a former ‘black ‘ infirmary ) ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Nationally, the most stressed infirmaries are those with the lowest resources per bed. The least stressed infirmaries continue to be those with old reputes as high-quality establishments ( largely antecedently â€Å" whites merely † infirmaries ) that provide them with a sort of ‘social capital ‘ ( von Holdt 2007 ) .Management capacity crisisThe conflict for the control of infirmariesSouth Africa has embraced the construct of wellness services delivered wit hin a three-tiered national wellness system framework – national, provincial and territory. States are charged with the duty of supplying secondary or third infirmary services, with territory services holding duty for territory infirmaries and clinics. Existing legislative assembly allows hospital main executive officers ( CEOs ) considerable powers in the running of their ain infirmaries. However, there is a dysfunctional relationship between infirmaries and provincial caput offices, which frequently assume autocratic and bureaucratic control over strategic, operational and elaborate procedures at infirmaries but are unable to present on these. There is a bleary and equivocal venue of power and decision-making authorization between infirmaries and caput offices ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Hospital directors are disempowered, can non take full answerability for their establishments and are largely unable to make up one's mind on affairs such as staff Numberss and assignments, pulling up their ain budgets or playing any function in the procurance of goods and services. The structural relationship between state and establishment is a disincentive for managerial invention, giving rise to a infirmary direction civilization in which disposal of regulations and ordinances is more of import than pull offing people and operations or work outing jobs, and where incompetency is easy tolerated. Hospital directors ‘ deficiency of control undermines direction answerability and promotes subservience to the cardinal authorization. The function of provincial wellness sections should truly be about commanding policy sing preparation, occupation scaling and answerability.Silos of directionMost South African infirmaries have basically the same direction construction where authorization is fragmented into separate and parallel silos. Therefore, physicians are managed within a silo of clinicians, nurses within a nursing silo, and support staff by a mesh of separate silos for cleaners, porters, clerks, etc. The senior directors in the establishments have broad do mains of duty but with small authorization to do determinations or implement them ( von Holdt 2007 ) . As an illustration, a clinical section such as pediatricss is headed by a senior or chief pediatric specializer who has no control over the nurses in the pediatric section. In the wards, nursing directors are responsible for effectual ward operation, but have small control over ward support staff such as cleaners or clerks. A senior clinical executive ( overseer ) has duty for the paediatric ( and other ) sections, but can exert small significant authorization over it because power prevarications within each of the silos ( physicians, nurses, support workers ) . As a consequence, the clinical executive has to try to negociate with all parties. Doctors and nurses do non find budgets, or proctor and control costs. In kernel, those responsible for utilizing resources have no influence on their budgetary allotment, while those responsible for the budget presume no duty for the services that the budget supports. Most clinical caputs have no thought what their budgets are and costs are non disaggregated within the establishment to single units or wards. Therefore, what should be managed as an incorporate operational unit ( for illustration, a ward or clinical section ) operates alternatively in a disconnected manner with small clear answerability. In this circumstance all parties are disempowered, and relationships oscillate between diplomatic negotiations, persuasion, dialogue, angry confrontation, ailment and backdown. In the procedure few jobs are definitively resolved, with negative effects for patient attention. Where institutional emphasis is high, the disconnected silo constructions generate the mistake lines along which struggle and managerial failure manifest ( von Holdt 2007 ) .Fiscal crisisInsufficient outgo on wellness, infirmaries and kid wellnessBetween 1998 and 2006, South African one-year public per capita wellness outgo remained virtually changeless in existent footings ( i.e. accounting for rising prices ) , although disbursement in the public sector increased by 16.7 % yearly between 2006 and 2009 ( National Treasury 2009 ) . However, the little additions in outgo have non kept gait with population growing, or the greatly increased load of disease ( Cullinan 2009 ) . In 2009 the state spent 8.9 % of the gross national merchandise ( GDP ) on wellness ( Day 2010 ) , and easy met the World Health Organisation ‘s ( WHO ) informal recommendation that alleged developing states spend at least 5 % of their GDP on wellness ( World Health Organization 2003 ) . However merely 3.7 % of GDP was spent in the populace sector, with 5.2 % of GDP expended in the private sector ( Day 2010 ) . In per capita footings R9605 was spent per private medical strategy donee in 2009, while the public sector spent R2206 per uninsured individual ( Day 2010 ) . Although the wellness of female parents and kids has been a precedence in authorities policy since 1994, including in the latest 10 Point Plan for Health ( Department of Health 2010 ) , it has non translated into motions in financial and resource allotment. Children comprise about 40 % of the population ( Statistics South Africa 2009 ) , but it is improbable that a similar proportion of the wellness budget is spent on kid wellness. No dependable informations exist, as authorities departmental budgets do non specifically represented outgo on kids, easy leting this constituency to be short-changed or ignored.Poor financial subjectA deficiency of answerability extends throughout the wellness service, and includes the deficiency of financial subject. Provincial sections of wellness jointly overspent their budgets by more than R7.5bn in 2009/10 ( Engelbrecht 2010 ) . Provincial sections often fail to budget adequately, ensuing in the freeze of stations and the limitation of basic service proviso ( e.g. everyday kid immunization services were earnestly disrupted in the Free State state in 2009 [ Kok D 2009 ] ) . Every twelvemonth, budgetary undiscipline consequences in critical deficits of drugs, nutrient supplies and equipment in many states, peculiarly during the last fiscal one-fourth from January to March, and during April when new budgetary allotments are being released. â€Å" Stock-outs † of pharmaceutical agents, medical supplies such as germicides or baseball mitts or radiological stuff, and nutrient or baby expression, may rag staff but may hold lay waste toing effects for patients, including decease. Most of these â€Å" stock-outs † are the consequence of providers ending contracts because of failure of payment of histories. In Gauteng, medical providers are presently owed more than half a billion rand by the Auckland Park Medical Supplies Depot, the cardinal unit from which medical specialties are distributed to provincial infirmaries and clinics. The largest sums owed by the terminal are to two pharmaceutical companies ( some R130 million ) ( Bateman 2011 ) . A recent embarrassing happening is the return of R813 million to Treasury at the terminal of the past fiscal twelvemonth by the wellness section because of unexpended financess ( Bateman 2011 ) . Most of the money was budgeted to resuscitate collapsed and unfinished substructure at infirmaries. This map belongs to the Department of Public Works, and infirmaries have small influence on the operation of this separate section – a farther illustration of disconnected services. Treasury has however allocated financess for the resurgence or building of five academic infirmaries by 2015, chiefly through public private partnerships. These are Chris Hani Baragwanath in Soweto, Dr George Mukhari in Pretoria, King Edward VIII in Durban and Nelson Mandela in Mthatha, every bit good as a new third infirmary for Limpopo. Provincial wellness sections are get downing to demo modest success in rooting out fraud and corruptness, but their attempts have revealed widespread victimizing bing taxpayers one million millions of rands, much of it deeply systemic ( Bateman 2011 ) . The majority of endemic corruptness involves dishonorable service suppliers with links to identify wellness section functionaries, plundering via shade and multiple payments loaded onto payment systems. In the Eastern Cape an external audit of ‘anomalies ‘ in four wellness section provider databases revealed R35 million in extra or multiple payments in 2010 ( Bateman 2011 ) . Some 107 providers had the same bank history figure, 4 496 had the same physical reference and 165 providers shared the same telephone figure. Less sophisticated fraud involved the bribing of territory ambulance service managers to transport private patients. Larceny of equipment, medicine and nutrient is permeant, worsening bing constrictions in supply concatenation direction. Almost R120 000 worth of infant expression destined for malnourished babes or babies of HIV-positive female parents was stolen in the Eastern Cape in 2010 for which three foreign national business communities and four wellness section functionaries were arrested. Eight nurses at Mthatha ‘s Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital were arrested for allegedly stealing R200 000 worth of medical specialties ( Bateman 2011 ) . In KwaZulu-Natal, a study to the finance portfolio commission revealed 24 ‘high precedence ‘ instances affecting abnormalities, supply concatenation and human resource misdirection, overtime fraud, corruptness, nepotism, misconduct and carelessness, amounting to about R1 billion. Among others, the former wellness MEC, Peggy Nkonyeni faced charges of irregular stamp awards amounting to several million rands ( Bateman 2011 ) . Ten wellness section functionaries in Mpumalanga, including its main fiscal officer, appeared before a disciplinary court on charges of corruptness. Three separate investigations uncovered monolithic fraud and corruptness in the section, including abnormalities with stamp processs and the purchasing of unneeded infirmary equipment. Perversely, Sibongile Manana, the wellness MEC, was removed from her station by the provincial Premier, and given the Sports, Recreation, Arts and Culture portfolio. The Premier justified this determination by claiming that the reshuffle of his executive council was to rectify ‘instances of misdirection and wrongdoing ‘ uncovered by a series of forensic audits ( Bateman 2011 ) .Human resources crisisStaff deficitsStaff deficits are a critical job in most public infirmaries, and are the consequence of underfunding every bit good as a national deficit of professional accomplishments. About 43 % of wellness stations in the populace sector countryw ide are vacant, and more concerning appear to be increasing ( up from 33 % in 2009 and 27 % in 2005 ) ( Lloyd 2010 ) . Some establishments are running with less than half the staff they need, with more than two-thirds of professional nurse stations and over 80 % of medical practician stations in Limpopo unfilled ( Lloyd 2010 ) . Deficits of support workers such as cleaners and porters exacerbate the job, since nurses and physicians end up executing unskilled but indispensable maps. Deficits of nurses in peculiar are bring forthing a health care crisis in South African public infirmaries ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Nurses have a broad range of pattern, and bear the brunt of increased patient-loads, staff deficits and direction failures. Ironically, a figure of nursing colleges were closed down in the late ninetiess as portion of authorities ‘s cost-cutting steps while authorities made it really hard for foreign physicians to pattern in the state. The state of affairs is now being addressed with acknowledgment of the demand for both more nurses and physicians to be trained. However, the constricted resources available bound a speedy or meaningful response and considerable investing in new installations and trainers is required over the following decennary to turn to the current shortage. Throughout the state, physicians and nurses invariably make determinations about which patients to salvage and which to keep back intervention from based on available staff and physical resources, instead than medical standards. Because of the force per unit area on beds, kids are sometimes denied admittance to infirmaries, non referred suitably or discharged prematurely, therefore confronting the danger of impairment, backsliding or decease.Conditionss of serviceUnderstaffing and vacant professional stations and are the consequence of a figure of factors, and vary in different locations. They include failure to set up new stations despite the increased demand for services, ‘frozen stations ‘ because of deficient support being available and deficiency of appropriately qualified staff. This deficiency may be because of â€Å" pull † or â€Å" push † factors. â€Å" Pull † factors attract staff off from the public service and include out-migration and m otion to the more moneymaking private sector. â€Å" Push † factors such as hapless wages, the inability of infirmaries to fulfill the simple animal amenitiess of staff, peculiarly in rural or township scenes, and a blazing discourtesy by hospital decision makers of the professional position of staff induce staff to go forth the public service. The high decease rate of wellness workers from AIDS has farther exacerbated the accomplishments crisis. The Occupational Specific Dispensation was a step introduced to specifically turn to the hapless wages paid to nurses and physicians. Although the intercession has been successful in retaining some staff in public sector infirmaries and even luring private sector nurses and physicians back, this fiscal inducement was deficient to forestall national work stoppages by both physicians in 2009 and the full wellness sector in 2010. Much of the dissent and sadness related to conditions of service, instead than the declared difference about the size of the one-year addition of the wage bundle. The long and bruising six-week work stoppage was a sad indictment of the hapless degrees of professionalism of wellness workers, with wards full of newborn and immature babies in many infirmaries being abandoned immediately and wholly with no interim programs for their eating or attention. This necessitated exigency emptyings or alternate agreements by practicians who were willing to put their small p atients ‘ demands above those of the work stoppage action, and by concerned members of the populace. Undoubtedly, many 100s of kids ‘s lives were lost during this industrial action but the inside informations of these deceases and any attendant punitory action has been handily ignored in an effort to pacify further work stoppage action by the responsible parties.Aberrant staff behaviorAbsenteeism among wellness workers is prevailing, even at good run establishments such Durban ‘s Addington Hospital ( Cullinan 2006 ) . This is largely due to emphasize, but nurses â€Å" moonlighting † in private infirmaries to supplement their province wages is besides a factor. At infirmaries where direction was weak, such as Cecilia Makiwane Hospital in East London or Prince Mshiyeni in Durban, nurses besides turned up late, left early, and frequently ignored patient attention such as regular monitoring of critical marks ( Cullinan 2006 ) . Hospital directors ‘ abilit y to take disciplinary action is badly limited by the centralized nature of provincial wellness bureaucratisms. In many states, the provincial caput of wellness is the lone individual able to disregard staff. Hospitalised kids are the most vulnerable, since they can non demand services or recommend for their ain demands. Therefore lost provenders, failure to have prescribed medicine timeously or missed doses, inattention to supervising critical marks and holds in reacting to sudden clinical impairment are day-to-day happenings in kids ‘s wards countrywide.Service bringing crisisInadequate patient attentionThere is a crisis of caring at infirmary throughout the state. Evidence of hapless service bringing at infirmaries is disputed, ignored, and largely tolerated by readily accepting the alibi of low staff morale, staff or resource deficits and ‘no money ‘ ( Saloojee 2010 ) . The caring ethos that characterises the wellness profession has eroded to the grade that most patients are thankful for any Acts of the Apostless of kindness directed to them. Many patients can tell how their most basic demands, such as aid with eating, toileting or trouble control, have been ignored by wellness staff even in state of affairss where wards have been quiet and adequately staffed. Despite the well-known Batu Pele ( People First ) principles being conspicuously displayed in wellness Centres, few appear to be committed to their execution. The effects of this deficiency of lovingness and answerability are predictable and inevitable for kids – higher morbidity and decease. The grounds for unequal paediatric attention is good documented and significant. The Salvaging Children 2005-7 study reviewed 8060 child deceases at 51 infirmaries in all nine states of South Africa ( Stephen 2009 ) . The sites represented different degrees of paediatric health care functioning rural, peri-urban and urban populations. Almost one out of three deceases was considered evitable. For each kid who died during this clip there were, on norm, more than two happenings of substandard attention, one of which 1 could be attributed to clinical forces. One-third of deceases occurred during the first 24 hours in infirmary, which reflects jobs with initial appraisal and exigency attention of kids on admittance. Nevertheless, the reappraisal identified jobs in all countries of clinical attention: appraisal, direction and monitoring. In the wards, staff deficits increased increasingly during the three old ages under reappraisal. Merely 14 of 380 public sector infirmaries run into and keep criterions set by the internationally accredited not-for-profit quality betterment and accreditation organic structure, the Council for Health Service Accreditation of South Africa ( COHSASA ) ( Bateman 2007 ) . This administration has pioneered a quality betterment programme to help and promote infirmaries to work towards accomplishing significant conformity with the quality criterions, taking finally to accreditation. While many ( 243 ) infirmaries have been supported in accomplishing accreditation over the past decennary, merely 32 achieved accreditation position. Some ( 36 ) made deficient advancement or withdrew from the programme, while others ( 17 ) achieved accreditation but later ‘backslid ‘ as a consequence of non keeping criterions.Lack of answerabilityA deficiency of answerability at all degrees of the wellness system may be the best account for why awkward public presentation has been tolerated for so long. Accountability requires public functionaries to be answerable for specific actions, activities or determinations to the populace ( from whom they derive their authorization ) . Accountability besides means set uping standards to mensurate public presentation, every bit good as inadvertence mechanisms to guarantee that criterions are met. Concentrating on answerability is hence of import for advancing capacity development and public presentation. In the absence of any provincial or territory degree monitoring of deceases or quality of attention, the hapless or negligent public presentation of some wellness establishments continues unbridled. A ‘culture of averageness ‘ dominates. Merely the occasional patient or job attracts media attending, normally because of a catastrophe sufficient to raise major concern from wellness governments, who normally act to penalize the ‘guilty party ‘ instead than to rectify or turn to the implicit in causes and jobs built-in in the system. A disturbing but of import set of contemplations on the public presentation of the wellness sector was provided by the amalgamate national and single provincial studies of the Integrated Support Teams commissioned by the so Minister of Health, Barbara Hogan ( Barron 2009 ) . Despite being ready in May 2009, the studies were merely available publically after being leaked in late 2010. The amalgamate study was scathing approximately many issues observing a deficiency of: national guidelines, norms and criterions, alliance between planning, execution and monitoring and rating, managerial answerability for the attainment of service related marks, an sanctioned policy and overarching model, and lucidity sing functions and duties ( e.g. between monitoring and rating, strategic planning and programme divisions [ e.g. HIV, TB, Maternal and Child Health ] ) . The national wellness section has been loath to set up clear norms and criterions for a figure of cardinal countries such as human resources ( e.g. figure of nurses per pediatric bed ) , equipment or budgets. This is likely related to a fright of the existent possibility of a tribunal challenge if it is found desiring in its ain criterions. The effect is a farther deficiency of answerability as no 1 can be held accountable for non presenting to a criterion that does non be. This state of affairs is now being addressed through the constitution of an Office of Health Standards conformity at the national degree.SolutionsFrom the description presented, it should be clear that a solution to the wellness crisis in general, and for hospital attention of kids in peculiar, is complex, multi-layered, requires the intercession of multiple histrions and activities, demands new and reallocated resources and will necessarily be a long-run procedure. Many wellness professionals desperation, non cog nizing how to act upon or consequence alteration in such a complicated and dysfunctional system, and prefer to make nil, trusting alternatively that some Jesus ( such as the Minister of Health ) will repair everything. The wellness curate himself recognises the demand to â€Å" pass the whole wellness system † and considered the wellness attention system unsustainable, â€Å" highly expensive † , healing and â€Å" hospicentric † ( The Star 2011 ) . Despite there being no quick holes, a figure of short- and medium-term solutions could significantly better the state of affairs. The limited range of this paper prevents an in-depth geographic expedition of these thoughts, but many should be obvious based on the item presented earlier. However, even obvious solutions can be impossible to implement in some environments. I summarise some of the cardinal intercessions required below. A major hindrance to adequate attention at province infirmaries is managerial disempowerment. Considerable investing in direction capacity and systems is required to get the better of current direction palsy, and optimise scarce fiscal and human resource use. A restructuring of the relationship between provincial caput offices and public infirmaries is a precedence, as is the empowering of hospital direction and augmentation of their competences. There is acknowledgment and understanding at the highest degrees, including the Presidency, about the demand for this. In his 2011 State of the Nation Address, Jacob Zuma, emphasised the demand for assignment of appropriate and qualified wellness forces. Provincial caput offices should release their chokehold on infirmaries and an insisting on micro direction and dressed ore alternatively on policy, scheme and monitoring of direction public presentation. Hospital directors should hold the authorization to run their ain infirmaries and be held accountable for this without undue intervention from caput offices, harmonizing to hold concern, budget and public presentation programs. Hospital organizational constructions should be based on clear operational units. A unit such as pediatricss should hold clear lines of authorization and answerability and silo maps should be disintegrated. An every bit crippling precedence is the deficiency of competent staff. In footings of supply, nurses preparation colleges are being reopened and medical schools being encouraged to increase admittance Numberss, with a clear penchant for pupils arising from rural or distant scenes since they are more likely to return at that place on finishing their preparation. The Occupational Specific Dispensation has made public sector wages much more attractive and competitory. A more hard job to get the better of is the inability of infirmary and provincial decision makers to appreciate the demand to handle wellness professionals as valuable assets whose demands need to be respected instead than sing them as easy dispensable trade goods. Task shifting, where undertakings that can be performed by less trained staff with specific accomplishments are allowed to pull off some conditions within their competence, is acknowledged to be a utile manner to cover with the accomplishments shortage. Better service bringing can be promoted through the coevals of norms and criterions, and the application of these including monitoring of conformity. Widening the Child Healthcare Identification Programme ( CHIP ) system of scrutinizing of deceases to all infirmaries in the state offers another mechanism for quality control, even though this attack merely scrutinises events in those kids with the worst results, i.e. decease. Measures and processs that extract answerability from wellness professionals, directors and decision makers are urgently needed, but few have succeeded to day of the month. Civil society has been outstanding in advancing action for HIV and AIDS and could play a more powerful function for the wider wellness docket in South Africa. A provincial administration policy is required which makes proviso for the creative activity of a cell of senior regional clinicians to supervise the map of the assorted major fortes throughout the state. Therefore, the regional baby doctor, for case, would be required to supervise the development and execution of norms and criterions for the physical substructure and equipment of kids in all infirmaries in his/her part. This person would be tasked to turn to issues of unfairness, every bit good as better synchronism between clinics and infirmaries and take constrictions in the referral system. A specific demand for pediatricss is a committedness to greater resource allotment for kids ‘s wellness. A recent exercising conducted in Gauteng estimated that an extra ( fringy ) investing of merely R4 billion over five old ages ( or R70 per capita ) in kid wellness could salvage the lives of 14,283 kids and cut down the U5MR by 50 % , about run intoing the provincial Millennium Development Goal mark for 2015. This extra investing would necessitate less than 5 % of the current provincial wellness budget ( Gauteng Department of Health 2009 ) . Not all of this needs to be ‘new ‘ money – much, but non all, of the money could be obtained through cut downing present inefficiencies. The authorities will present a new National Health Insurance in 2012. Detailss of this are still sketchy soon and its impact on child care at infirmaries is hard to foretell. It is chiefly a wellness attention financing mechanism, raising financess from taxpayers and users of the private wellness sector to buy wellness attention benefits for the broader population. The Minister of Health has claimed that the NHI would present ‘universal coverage and better health care in one united health care system ‘ ( The Times 2009 ) . Sceptics argue that it can and will make little to turn to the built-in defects in the wellness bringing system outlined in this paper. Many of the recommendations made in this subdivision are non new and good recognised and some have been accepted by wellness sections antecedently. However, there is limited grounds of their execution and even less grounds of their successful execution. However, islands of excellence remain in the public wellness service, many making this is the face of the same fiscal and logistical restraints as everybody else. The challenge is placing how to acquire everybody else to emulate these success narratives and retroflex their consequences. Children ‘s lives depend on making this quickly.

Systems Analysis and Design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems Analysis and Design - Case Study Example This new inspiring media has the capability to help people find their true purpose, reinforce their ability to bond compassionately with others, as well as motivate them to find greater achievement in every area of their lives (Satzinger, Jackson, & Burd, 2012). The application also specializes in creating music for healing settings that deepens someone’s connection to what is most useful. It is enhanced by the influence of a musical recording. Products of contemplative media feature the sympathetic verbal messages of the worlds humanitarian and spiritual leaders. They also have those of common people facing unusual circumstances. Contemplative Media is an innovative kind in contemplative, life-attractive media. The films can give a refreshing method to decrease stress as well as restore stability to the heart, mind, and soul. By including oral wisdom from the present most celebrated voices in spirituality and self-help, these film havens offer experiences of reflective beauty and an association with what is most useful. Users will turn out to be more fulfilled by heartening their lives with music, as well as messages from the contemplative media (Satzinger, Jackson, & Burd, 2012). The media system anticipates answering the following issues: What types of occurrences can be anticipated on or after meditation? What foretells why some individuals have intricate and other pleasing experiences? Could there be some meditation practices that appear to yield more compassionate or vivid incidences than others? Are there definite classes of people that ought to use concern when meditating? If somebody experiences difficult experiences while meditating, what must they do? Interviews can occur over Skype, over the phone, or in person. It depends on where the respondents live. In the interviews, respondents will answer about their meditation interrelated experiences, factors of influence, and ways that

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Offensive strategy options - CostCo - Essay Example Nevertheless, with increased domestic competition within the U.S. retail industry and the maturity of the market, Costco needs to consider other offensive strategies that would not only enable them to improve their market share but also enhance their financial performance. Costco may consider implementing initiatives that capitalize on the weakness of competitors, and/ or pursue end run offensive strategies. The stiff competition in the domestic U.S. retail industry, coupled with the maturity of the market implies that firms should focus on holding and milking their market share (Valdani & Alessandro, 2012). However, Valdani & Alessandro observes that firms may seek to improve their market share in these markets by focusing on the weaknesses of their main rivals. The SWOT matrix rank reveals that Costco is a strong company, which is able to take on their rivals head on. Nevertheless, Costco may direct its internal strength, capabilities and resources towards attacking the weaknesses of its rivals in the U.S. retail market. Costco may achieve this by going after customers whom the competitors are less equipped to serve. It may also attack those rivals offering poor customer services. Alternatively, Costco may expand into regions and market segments where their rivals are either weak or have ignored completely. Apart from capitalizing on weaknesses of their competitors, Costco may consider pursuing end run offensive strategies. The end run offensive strategies enable firms to avoid frontal and head on attacks that may escalate and produce unhealthy competition (Cullen & Praveen, 2013). With the end run strategies, Costco would be able to go around competitors, capture the market segments that are ignored by the rivals and establish the first mover advantage in these markets (Cullen & Praveen, 2013). Cullen & Praveen observes that a company may implement end run strategies in four ways. Firstly,

Mass Murderer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mass Murderer - Case Study Example When looking at the case of Charles Manson, one could begin to list a myriad of reasons for his crimes, starting all the way at the beginning of his life. Even in his younger years, Manson was subjected to crime, and went in and out of several different protection camps until he was finally sent to the National Training Schools for Boys in Washington D.C. His turn to crime can be traced back to his unstable family life, his mother was a drunk and he may never have known his real father. He lived between family members, and even at one time in his life was sold by his mother so she could get some alcohol. His uncle had to go take him back, and thus began Manson's movement in and out of family homes, as well as the prison and rehabilitation crimes schools he would go in and out of for the next years of his life. Manson's life of crime only continued, as his criminal behavior in jail kept him in prison until March 21, 1967. Upon his release then, he had spent less than his thirty two years in various prisons across the country. However, for Manson, his worst crimes were still yet to come. They could easily be foreshadowed by his previous record of crime and unwillingness to cope with the law. If one simply was to glance at this past record, it is not a surprise that Manson turned out the way that he did. Now that Manson was out of jail, he was able to amass alm... and always being shuffled in and out of homes and schools, I feel Manson did not grow up as he should, and suffered from a lack of a stable conscience. As he continued to grow, this is evident through his massing of a "Family", as it would later be called, and the gruesome murders that would later be carried out on his command. As his Family continues to grow, his supports became even more loyal to him. A huge Beatles fan, Manson preached to his followers that mass murders were to come, and that riots between blacks and whites due to racial tension were due to break out at any time. However, it was Manson's family themselves who broke out the murders, and in an odd way brought Manson's teachings to life. Although it is uncertain if Manson committed any of the murders himself, it is for sure that he ordered them and played a pivotal role in what happened the nights of all the murders. After all of these murders, Manson would be sentenced to death on seven counts of murder and one count of conspiracy. Manson was just recently denied parole again, and is not up for parole until 2012. His case is often connected with the counter culture of the time, and Manson may be one of the most infamous murderers of this age. Throughout his whole life, Manson never really stood still. Being brought up in a shaky, unstable environment, and having to go through all those prisons at such a young age, and even having a lack of strong role models, all seem to compact into the idea of what he turned into. He seemed to somewhat loose touch with right and wrong, possibly because he never really was taught what right and wrong was. I believe that these reasons all strongly weighed on Manson, and ultimately made him become who he turned out to be. If Manson had had a better childhood, been

Marriage in Different Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marriage in Different Cultures - Essay Example Marriage in Italy is loosing its importance as couples move in together and live together without being married. This allows them more independence. Men and women who do get married, do so at a later age; for women it is twenty-seven while for men it is thirty. Also, second marriages have increased in number as couples tend to get divorced more often. This leads to an increased number of civil marriages as the Catholic Church does not allow a person to be married twice. Before you actually get married in Italy, you need to make sure that all the documentation is ready. A couple must appear before the civil registrar of the town where the marriage is to take place with two witnesses and make a declaration of their intention to marry. (Justlanded.com) The birthrate has also dropped as a result of fewer marriages and marriage at an older age. This leads to the couple having their first child at an older age and since the woman can not conceive after the age of 45, it becomes difficult to have more than one or two children. In 1971 the average age of women having their first child was 25.1; in 1998 it was 28.4. The average number of children per woman dropped from 2.4 in 1981 to 1.2 in 1998. In 1993-94 one-child families represented 43.8 percent of the total of all families with children; in 1997-98 they represented 45.2 percent. (http://family.jrank.org/pages/978/Italy-Marriage-Children.html) One thing that underlies Italian families is their strong bond, even after the children leave home they stay in touch with their parents. Italians have a strong intergenerational camaraderie which helps them in facing problems and solving them. This shows that many children live at home till the age of 33. Around the world people trace their ancestry only through the paternal side but in Italy both paternal and maternal sides are traced. Thus ancestry is bilateral and relates the individual to more people. This way a large kin is developed which can help the person with any problems and provide help. Businesses in Italy also have a family based structure. The bilateral descent extends the family and clears the rights of every individual, places authority with a few people and specifies whom one can marry or can not marry. The place where you live in Italy also determines the relationships you develop. For example; children are closer to their grandparents rather than some uncle or aunt. This gives the grandparents more authority over the children. Authority is mostly based on age. Children live with their parents up until the time they are married, after that the parents prefer the children to set up house for themselves. Kinship among Italians is on the basis of three criteria: descent, marriage and pseudo relationship. The pseudo relationships include relatives acquired through ceremonies such as baptism and weddings. All this has changes because of industrialization. Courtship is more direct and marriage marks the end of the courtship process which has evolved. The weddings are very traditional. Guests are expected to repay former favors of the family to the couple. The groom's tie is cut up and sold to finance the honeymoon. Marriage in Germany reduced right after the post war era. There were fewer marriages, smaller

Individual Letter Element Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Letter Element - Essay Example In order to top the elite clubs in England and Europe, there exist a number of drivers from the external environment of the club that could be significant in the evolution: international fan base, online merchandise and club marketing, and the club’s loyal owners. Being a football franchise, Arsenal FC greatly relies on the support of fans. Arsenal FC has a huge fan base on the international scene. However, there are millions of unhooked fans that could provide a perfect customer base for the clubs merchandise, assets that collect about 11% of the club’s revenue. Revenue is bound to grow and so is the club’s superiority given the influence that fans usually have on the players. With a huge and loyal fan base, players are likely to work extra hard to avoid being letdowns. Arsenal FC has potential to attract more fans given its current numbers, with statistics showing that Nigeria alone has more fans of Arsenal than the total number of Arsenal fans in the UK alone. Additional PESTEL analysis factors will emphasize the club’s ability to achieve this. The internet has revolutionized into one of the biggest sole market place globally through ecommerce. Online market force opportunity for Arsenal is another key driver that could change the fortunes of its revenues and increase the ability of its fans in getting its merchandise. The current online statistics stand at over 50 million subscribers to its Facebook and twitter page, site, and its online store. The arsenal marketing outfit needs to focus more on online marketing and strive to implement the stalled Click and Collect service. The last key factor that puts Arsenal FC at a position of extensive growth and change is its ownership team that is entirely committed to the core values that run the club. The club has the ability to maintain this by avoiding any frequent change of management witnessed in other major clubs in the country. The above key drivers for change were determined using a framework of PESTEL that ensured viability and realism. The Political factor (P) provides favorable environment by letting football franchises operate independently thus independence. With independence, the club ownership of Arsenal FC is liberal enough to do anything under their sleeve that would improve the club’s fortunes. The steady revenue income for the club is a key Economic factor (E) to count on in ensuring enough capital in online marketing and increasing the international fan base through numerous promotions. The stable economic situation globally has enabled emergence of a population class that is stable enough to involve in fun activities such as football. This is a Social factor (S) that ensures availability of potential fans for the club. Literacy level in IT matters in the society have increased, facilitating a possibility of high access to online material, a strategy Arsenal intends to market itself. Technology (T) has ensured the availability of internet and numerous smart devices that would enable easy implementation of Arsenal’s online marketing strategies. In implementing all the key drivers, care was taken not to violate any Environmental factors (E) thus avoiding pollutants of any kind. For the Legal factors (L) Arsenal’s self-sustaining business model of operation shield’s it from legal confrontations by not infringing any competition law that governs English football. Arsenal has a number of strengths and an equal share of weaknesses