Meningitis Due To Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy

Meningitis Due To endovenous Immunoglobulin Therapy great Aseptic Meningitis Due To High do drugs Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy for Guillain-Barr SyndromeAbstractThe majority of adverse reactions of endovenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy are mild, transient and self-limiting however, potentially serious complications are rare and occur in less than 5% of patients receiving IVIG therapy. IVIG associated transient antiseptic meningitis is an uncommon adverse effect and this phenomenon has been seldom described in literature. We report a case of aseptic meningitis repayable to high dose IVIG therapy in a Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) patient. The cerebrospinal unsound (CSF) analysis revealed high cell counts with predominance of lymphocytic cells, raised protein, normal glucose level and no growth of the organism on culture. He was managed symptomatically with adequate hydration and analgesic. Our patient improved without neurological complications. This case emphasizes the i mportance of recognizing IVIG associated neurological complications in GBS patients.KeywordsAseptic meningitis Guillain-Barr syndrome Intravenous immunoglobulinIntroductionIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy is recommended in Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) patients. The majority of adverse reactions of IVIG therapy are mild, transient and self-limiting however, potentially serious complications are rare and occur in less than 5% of patients receiving IVIG therapy. According to Kemmotsu et al., IVIG associated transient aseptic meningitis is an uncommon phenomenon occurring in about 1% of patient.The common adverse effects are headache, nausea and vomiting, myalgia, first base backache, tachycardia, mild grade fever and flushing. The serious complications are aseptic meningitis, thromboembolism, transverse venous sinus thrombosis, myocardial infarction, exquisite stroke, acute encephalopathy, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, anaphylactic reaction, acute renal fail ure and serum sickness. IVIG associated transient aseptic meningitis is a very rare complication. Our patient developed aseptic meningitis following intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.Case PresentationA 14 years old boy presented with two days floor of acute onset pure motor, progressive, symmetric, areflexic, indulgent quadriparesis without bladder/bowel, bulbar, respiratory symptoms or autonomic dysfunction. He had no record of fever, preceding illness of diarrhea, respiratory tract infection or any toxin exposure. A clinical diagnosis of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) was made with Hughes Disability Scale 4. Nerve conduction study was suggestive of pure motor, predominantly demyelinating affection of right ulnar, isobilateral median, bilateral tibial and bilateral peroneal nerves. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and serum potassium level were normal and urinary porphobilinogen was negative. Clinical profile and electrophysiological parameters fulfilled the Asbury criteria of GBS.Intrav enous immunoglobulin was effrontery according to the recommended dose (0.4 mg/kg/day). His weight was 45 kg and total 90 gm IVIG was planned over five days in divided doses. On the fourth day, after receiving 72 grams of IVIG infusion, the patient developed progressive worsening headache, neck pain and recurrent vomiting. There was no history of fever, loss of consciousness or visual symptoms.His temperature was normal. On neurological examination, meningeal signs neck rigidity, Kernig signs and Brudzinski signs were positive. Bilateral fundi were normal. There were no other focal neurological signs.InvestigationsHemogram and credit line biochemistry were within the normal range. Blood culture was sterile. X-ray chest was normal and Mantoux test was negative. Lumbar puncture showed normal opening pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed pleocytosis (Total cell counts 180 cell/dl) with lymphocytic predominance (85%), raised protein (110 mg/dl), normal sugar (56 mg/d l) and normal chloride (111 mEq/L) levels. CSF gram stain, AFB stain, KOH preparation, India sign and CSF culture for bacteria and fungi were negative. CSF TB PCR and HSV PCR were negative. MRI brain with gadolinium contrast was normal (Figure 1).Differential DiagnosisDiagnosis of acute aseptic meningitis was base on clinical features, CSF findings, negative viral markers and negative culture. The diagnosis of IVIG associated aseptic meningitis was made as there was a strong temporal relationship amidst onset of aseptic meningitis and high dose IVIG therapy the extensive search for other causes of meningitis was negative and the improvement of symptoms within few days. However, possibility of viral meningitis was also thought, barely absence of prodromal symptoms, no identifiable rise in serum viral titres and self-improvement of symptoms ruled out the possibility of viral meningitis.TreatmentHis symptoms were managed with hydration and analgesics. No antibiotic or antiviral the rapy was given. A very decrease infusion of IVIG was continued under strict supervision until completion of full dose therapy on the next day. The signs of meningeal irritation-neck rigidity, Kernigs signs and Brudzinski signs disappeared over next two days.OutcomeThe patient was discharged in stable condition with Hughes GBS Disability Scale 1. He recovered completely without any neurological sequelae. He was asymptomatic after three months of followup.DiscussionThe exact pathophysiology of IVIG induced aseptic meningitis is not clear. The various postulated mechanisms of IVIG associated aseptic meningitis are direct toxic effect, immunologic drug hypersensitive reaction, allogenic immunologic reaction, hypersensitivity reaction to various stabilizing agents and cytokine release triggered by the therapy. Wada et al. showed the excitotoxic effect of IVIG in acute encephalopathy following IVIG therapy.The IgG is an active ingredient of intravenous immunoglobulin capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, penetrates the meninges, and enters the brain parenchyma.In our patient, aseptic meningitis developed after 72 hours of initiation of IVIG. However, in literature, most patients developed aseptic meningitis within 48 hours of beginning IVIG therapy. According to Jarius et al., aseptic meningitis was frequently associated with polymorphic pleocytosis in the CSF examination however, our patient had lymphocytic pleocytosis.Most of the side effects associated with IVIG are mild, self-limited and related to the infusion rate and no specific therapy is required. Risk factors for IVIG associated aseptic meningitis are history of migraine and rapid, high dose infusion of IVIG. Slower infusion rate, proper hydration, antihistamines and analgesics may help to prevent mild reactions. Systemic steroid may be required in severe cases. Our patient was under strict supervision and no medical treatment was given. He improved without any neurological complications. botherati on and fever are well-recognized side effects of high dose IVIG, aseptic meningitis has rarely been reported in the literature in GBS patients. A high indication of clinical suspicion should be kept for IVIG induced aseptic meningitis and should be confirmed by careful neurological examination and CSF analysis.Take-Home MessageAcute aseptic meningitis may develop as a transient, self-limiting complication of high dose IVIG therapy in GBS patient.Early recognition and management is required to prevent lasting neurological sequelae.IVIG therapy should be continued in mild aseptic meningitis as the IVIG infusion is a life saving drug for GBS patient, at a slow infusion rate, with proper hydration, histamines and analgesics.This case emphasizes the importance of recognizing IVIG associated neurological complications in IVIG treated GBS patient.ReferencesFigure LegendsFigure 1. Normal MRI brain with gadolinium contrast

Introduction To The Kingdom Of Spain Politics Essay

Introduction To The Kingdom Of Spain Politics EssaySpain offici all toldy known as The Kingdom of Spain, it is an self-governing governance and affiliate of European Union. Spain is situated in the s come inh west of Europe on the Peninsula Iberian. Madrid, the capital, is the largest city of Spain with over third trillion great deal of the population. The official language is Spanish known as Castellan, but there ar recognized regional languages as Catalan-Valencian, Basque, Galician and Occitan that belongs to sovereign comminutes. Their political sympathies is one(a) Regional State Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy, which as of today we get under ones skin names comparable The King Juan Carlos I de Borbon, and the Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy. If we look moxie to the governance of 1978, the Spanish Constitution was the termination of the Spanish transition to democracy, moved by the democratic semi policy-making reform in 1976 and 1977, the new Spains King Juan Car los, hygienicspring known and remembered for his conduct and temperament named a new prime minister and dismissed the one that was there. The new election organized the conclusion of drafting and commendation a new constitution in 1978. Education is free for Spain from the age of six to sixteen, and the religion is the Roman Catholicism which is considered the principal religion of Spain. Spain is also real well known for their architecture, music and dance, not regular(a) considering their cuisine and valuable exercises idols in different sports.The politics of Spain is basically established by the constitution of 1978, which says Spain as an free government, where the multitude leave to elect the Prime Minister for the motive of the country. The political form of the Government of Spain is parliamentary monarchy, according to the Spanish Constitution, Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (1978), is a social representative, democratic, constitutional monarchy in which the M onarch is the fountainhead of state and the Prime Minister, whose official title is President of the Government, is the head of government.(Article 98).The political system as parliamentary monarchy office a form of an existing government in the current western democracies, especially in Europe, in which the king execute the function of the head of a state under the image of the legislative power (Parliament which be select members of the state for more or less period) and of the executive power (Government). The norms and decisions established of the Parliament control not only the procedure or operation of the state, but also the constituteion and functions of their own king.It divides in three different powers of governmentLegislative power devises and modifies the existing laws according to the opinion of the citizens. An some other function is the approval of the laws and usually, it is on charge of the congress or a parliament, which ar composed by representatives elec ted by the town that has been attributed the important appellative to express the determination or pull up stakes of them.Executive power dependable in causing to comply the laws and that is use to exercising the government or the own leader of the State. It is responsible for the daily management of the State. The executive power consider and executes general politics according to which the laws take over to be applied, represents to the Nation in its diplomatic relations, maintains close the Armed Forces and from time to time advises to the legislation. The President is the visible image and figure and the most important power.Spanish Constitution, Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (1978) The judiciary power is independent of the executive and the legislature, administering justice on behalf of the King by some(prenominal) judges and magist place. It is the responsible for administering the justice in the phoner or state, by specifys of the application of the legal norms (A rticle 99)Political IdeologyLike any other country which has their own government we will find political ideologies. According to Roskin et al.(2009) states that ideologies are often based on theories but simplified and popularized to sell to mass audiences, build political movements, and win elections. Ideologies might be called cheap theories (p.39).Spain has several multi- situationy systems at both regional and the national level. Nationally it covers only two that are the most popular political dominant parties, which are PSOE (Partido collectiviseda Obrero Espanol) that is the odd-leaning, and the right-wing PP (Partido Popular). On these days the political dominant party is the one that governs in the present. The regional parties can be strong in autonomous communities wish Catalonia and the Basque Country due to several conflicts amongst these two that puzzle been creating national government coalitions.The ideology of PSOE is social democracy and social democracy is a political ideology that considers itself to be a form of reformist democratic socialism. Social democracy rejects the either or polarization interpretation of capitalism versus socialism (Busky, 2008, p. 8 Harrington, 1989, p. 93). This means their belief it consist to be a force social democracy that hold backs the economy and gives benefits to the population, like unemployment, food stamps, low cost insurance and in some cases totally free. compute .Political Parties in CongressAccording to researcher Steger (1997), Social democracy in its current form was originally developed by revisionist Marxist Eduard Bernstein who irrelevant orthodox Marxisms support of revolution and social material body conflict, claiming that socialism could be achieved through evolutionary means via representative democracy and cooperation between multitude regardless of class (p. 146). This means this party also means that they can improve the social conditions of the populations by reducing the benefits of the melody, making the working class get all doctrine than the business.The ideology of PP (Partido Popular) is the conservative political party in Spain (Nordsieck, 2011, Parties and Elections in Europe The database rough parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe). This party was a refoundation in 1989 of the Peoples alliance (Alianza Popular) and it was combined with elfin Christian democratic and liberal parties. The PP was until November 2011 the largest opposition party in the Congress of Deputies, with one hundred fifty three out of three hundred and fifty deputies, and the largest party represented in the Senate, with one hundred and one out of two hundred and eight senators. Their ideology is central and right, which means that they shoot to promote the total liberty for business and the state, cannot be bear on in the economy.Electoral SystemSpain uses a majority system (more than half), which in condition 68 from the Constitution in the el ectoral law of 1977 (restructured in 1985) is based on the proportional mold system, that according to Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, and Jones, (2009) states that proportional representation system elects representative by partys portion of right to vote, which means each district sends several representatives to parliament, not just one (pag. 70). The marginal of deputies must be three hundred and the maximum four hundred members of the parliament that are elected by free, direct, equal, and secret vote for a four family period, it must obtain a minimum of three percent of the vote in order to qualify for parliamentary representation.The voting system used is that of proportional representation with closed party lists, that mean voters can only vote for political parties as an entire party and they have to decide who ever gets the highest positions is tend to get a sit in the parliament. Following DHondt method a mathematical formula which slightly over represents the larger partie s at the expense of the smaller ones (Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, and Jones, 2009, p. 71) in every providence of Spain the electoral vote or suffrage must be charge by a minimum of two deputies per providence, this includes the autonomous cities (out of Iberian Peninsula) of Ceuta and Melilla, each of these two has to assigned only one deputy.Legislation can be opened by the Congress of Deputies and they are assigned to approve or refuse the laws adopted by the executive government. They also have the power to elect, the prime minister or the President of the Government. The prime minister can be removed from his duties due to a vote of confidence from the elected parliament, and then it needs to be substituted.Election system also helps to major political parties because not only provinces wit small populations are over-represented. Spain has two party systems that smaller and regional parties posses small representation, due to difference in population between providences, when the p rovinces are totally represented, the deputies is small analyse to one or two major parties, even if other smaller parties managed to obtain more than three percent of the votes.The three percent to get in the Congress is unsuccessful in many provinces, where the number of seats per constituency has a lower average that the echt deputies to be inside the Congress is effectively higher, for example, the actual number for the provinces having three seats is twenty cardinal percent, much(prenominal) higher than three percent, however, in provinces such as Barcelona and Madrid, date the number of seats is much higher, the three percent to get it the Congress is still helpful to get rid of the smallest parties.Government intervention in the EconomyAfter Dictator Francos death, Spain passed a change to democracy in the middle of 1970s, even though a quickly procedure of modernization happened, the Spanish welfare state was seen until now, that has been relative false out week. There is a list of the main problems this consequences has left is that the attention has turned to be a governance issue, the interplay among levels of government, the welfare mix and general support for social policies. Another issue tell about the five most important challenges the Spanish faces with welfare state in the present century is the purpose to have a better life, to achieve a better work family balance, to organize migratory policies with existing social defense, to attempt the resolution of high rates of poverty, and to face intense population growing, both in terms of change magnitude needs for care and the modification of the pension system. Social welfare benefits smaller by little have grown. Spain gives generous retirement remuneration and strong unemployment benefits as per now it offers no welfare benefits.Political CultureThe political culture is about the perception and the interpretation of the norms and values that each society implements to the people. The p olitical system plays a role really important because of the ideas might be implementing how to work with the government and what they can do. The political culture is the symbols, values, and beliefs about the political system which is determinate by the history, economy, religion, and folkways. (Roskin et al., 2009, p. 119) It is related to the memory of what the nation have done previously, like in the last decades Spanish society and politics contributed the incapacity to maintain a firm and secure government very independent prior 1970. People imagine and think the transformation of the democracy was possible by the socioeconomic modernization, the decisions, and the cultural change from political elites of democratic institutions and the conduct from some parties involved in the benefits to Spain. alas Spain does not have a good background in history, an excellent example which can be seen today with the autonomous communities, such as Catalonia and Basque country, that both are looking for independence, being away from Spain, creating regionalism and issues between all communities.Many questions fly around about the way of how the government and the politician need to act different or at least try to be similar and competitive with the neighbors governments. Perhaps the introduction of Spain to be inside the Europe Union have created in the meanwhile, that the present crisis should bring some common sense agreement to have a better workability in the political culture of Spain.Public eyeshotThe Spanish society is having many difficult times due to the current crisis there is dissatisfaction with the social management carried out by the government. The rate of unemployment is one of the main reasons resulting in various popular events such as the irritated people and this is added to the labor reform that get problems to the labor rights of the Spanish workers. Another reason is chemise the health and education sectors and the raise taxes to reduce t he Spanish deficit.The twenty seven pace three hundred million of Euros in reduction in reality spending joined a week later, a cut of ten thousand million in health and education. The eighty three percent of the figure reduction corresponds to the direct public spending, most in sensitive areas of social policy. These cuts will be punished more severely to the low-income women, young people, and the immigrant population. The difference between the efforts to increase the collection and the measures of mark get a tendency as regards social rights. According to the latest survey from Gaby Or Aguilar (2012) states that the living conditions of the year 2011, in Spain, twenty two percent of households live below the poverty line. The poverty rate rose by more than two percentage points between 2009 to 2011 (p.4). At the end of last year, five hundred thousand homes in Spain take upd no income for job, or unemployment benefits or social security which means they were in ingrained po verty.Religion in SpainThe largest religion is known as Roman Catholicism which is led by the Pope. According to a study by the Sociological seek Spanish Center (2011) testify that about seventy percent of Spanish self-identify as Catholics, three percent as other faith, and about twenty five percent identify with no religion (p.13). Most Spanish, especially the younger generations try to avoid the religion differences compared to sexuality, morals, and politics. Spanish also consider the religion as part of the three most important values.Spain has also gone thru with the legalization of the gay marriage, actually there is a seventy percent of Spanish that support their marriage. (Study by the Centre of Sociological Research, 2004). This case was along from a split vote from the conservative liberal lines with the Spanish Socialist Workers Party and the other left party supporting while Peoples Party is against it.Spain also during the immigration process and the introduce of new cultures in the population, especially during and after the 1990s, have them led to an increment number of Muslims (God as related to prophet Muhammad) and have about one million of members. Along with the introduction of new religion as part of the immigration, people from Latin America which are known as strong Catholic practitioners have helped the Catholic church building to maintain part of the assistance for those who go to church on Sundays.In the last decade, political issues and the enrollment of the Catholic Church has increased again, especially for groups such as authorship Dei, Legion of Christ (Catholic Church Institution) with the participation of important politicians in the right-wing such as Popular Party. Opus Dei is an organization that their mission is to get closer to God, to serve the most ask it and to improve society. In more recent times, some members of the Opus Dei were chosen ministers by the then leader of that party, in any case, since the institut ional point of view, the Opus Dei does not have an official political position, there is few worries that many of their members are politically conservatories just like the common of the Spanish Catholics. The members of the Opus Dei instigate that the institution has a spiritual principle and that each member takes their professional responsibilities in the politics or the business without doing participants of them to the others member and even less to the institution. They verbalise that the Opus Dei could have the political position they wanted, as long as they did not go in disagreement with the catholic principle.The church is not the independent and neutral institution in political affairs, and everything is related with the opinion of the Popular Party which it gain consequences that the new disapproval from important sections on the population, especially the biggest part of the left party that has the opposition against the church and the way in which it is economically sustained.Political CommunicationThe mass media have always shown opinion in the nuance in politics. Political communication is the opening of how a government can be criticizes by public opinion like radio, newspaper, news channels, not even nationality, worldwide too. In these days, the audiovisual media market has positioned traditional print media, which means the press uses pictures and color to write or edit the news into television or journals. After Spain became democracy, the mass media practiced an increase to inform the civilization especially by newspapers. In these days most popular medias have gone online.The historical and significant newspapers in the past, such as La Vanguardia, ABC, El pais, and El mundo were part of the important media companies. According to Holtby (1990), he stated the reputation and expansion of these journalists were create verbally by some of the most well-known writers of the Spanish language, from Spain and Latin America such as Miguel D elibes, Gabriel Garca Mrquez. Jose Camilo Cela, and Carlos Fuentes (p.336-338).Radio had a big encounter on the Spanish communication. Taking into consideration to the Civil War, the radio was the principal tool of government propaganda, after that war the Francos forces detained republican distribution stations. During Francos period, coverage for all news national and international was official managed by Radio Nacional de Espana. The difference from the print media, radio did not apply a practice of liberalization, and after some restrictions it was finally eased. According to Gunter, Richard and Jose Ramon Montero (1999) the most important radio networks in Spain are RNE, Sociedad Espanola de Radio Difusion (SER), Cadena de Ondas Populares (COPE) and Onda Cero with a highest audience (P.176). In the same way as the other print media and televisions, radio has established a very important role in the culture and the identity of the autonomous communities like Basque Radio, Galic ian Radio, and Catalonia Country.It is estimated that over xc percent of the population watches television. In terms of audience size, TVE1 and Antena 3 have the greatest numbers of viewers. Spanish television has developed from a state own institution, which it represents the views of the government and was seriously covered up to one that tends the views of particular regions, a more European viewpoint, and the demands of the public in general. Most of the Spanish people receive the news from television and not from the print media.Online newspapers in Spain are a new experience, and they report for 17 percent of the distribution of web traffic. It started with the new technology that media in Spain has been implementing during this years as online publications. Most of newspapers started implementing their information online since 1994.Interest GroupsIt is related to the influence of groups against the government that might be permanent or momentary. The term of touch group co vers just about any collection of people trying to influence the government, some interest groups work through the executive or administrative agencies, others through the judicial or legislative sectors (Roskin et al., 2009, p. 177).Some of them are concentrated to influence the political parties and the other on just particular changes such the buck private interest. In Spain most of these groups work together to persuade the government and become powerful. Sometimes interest groups participate in government Catholic Church has participated in the Spanish Constitution which advice the liberty or freedom as well as the Church and State keeps away from each other, but also indicates that the public powers will keep in mind the religious beliefs and they will maintain the consequent relations of cooperation with the Catholic Church. (Article 16 of Spanish Constitution, 1978).The Catholic Church is pardon to pay income taxes like the nonprofit companies and they were not able to pay taxes on some religious cultures or objects. Same thing happens for the conservation of the building that are considered cultural patrimony, which it is financed by the State and foe other public funds too. It is mandatory that primary and secondary schools offer in their academic program the class of religion, even though the students can choose to study a different alternative class.Chambers of commerce is a form of business network that their occupation is to get together group of business people to recognize, create, or to prepare business opportunities. They are also considered as a interest groups due to their bodily function could create a public model to the sectors of the government because it is common in the European Union countries such as Germany, Italy, France, and also in Japan. The principal assignment of the chambers is trade promotion, vocational training, regional economic development, and general services to their members. It shows the possibility of a business individual to make innovative business associations and amaze business opportunities at the same time. In Spain, the government could give the chance to some chambers to take responsibilities of public administrations in many fields, they also have a consultative or counseling occupation this mean any chamber selected can ask for consulting ideas whenever a new law is related to the constancy or commerce. (Markus Pilgrim, Ralf Meier, 2011).ETA, a short formforEuskadi Ta Askatasuna,which means Basque Homeland and Freedom is an armed organizations that looks Euskadis independency. The general idea they have with the government is that they achieve attacks like murders, abductions, car bombs, and more to all politicians or public images in the media. Once they create a terrorist environment it starts a high to the fire which means they need to stop using the violence and it will create a negotiation between them and the Spanish government to accomplish their objectives.ElectionsThe electoral elections are carry out every 4 years, but sometimes it could be an agreement that some elections would be anticipated, this mean when the 4 year period it is not finalized. The requirement to vote is to have the Spanish nationality and to be legal age that is more than eighteen years old. The citizens must register in the electoral census to justify the people who vote is legally to do it. Votes are not mandatory for everybody, if you need to suffrage will be voluntary option.Electoral SystemTOTALstatistical distribution by sex and ageMujeresVaronesTotal18,425,55817,353,65018 y 1941550743819920 a 241081611113878725 a 291246020130081030 a 341585694164136435 a 391751932179764540 a 441712713173886845 a 491686745168720650 a 541553738153246755 a 591335212129932360 a 641246803118184765 a 691140308103574770 a 7494011079498775 a 79103541579229280 a 8484341155898585 y ms850339415123Figure 2. Electoral System (Statistic National Institute)In the last elections, citizens have voted the 60 nine percent of total population, which means it has descended a seven percent with respect to the past general elections. From the total of twenty four million six hundred sixty six thousand and thirty ninety two votes, it has been that make it count.Political Party SystemPolitical parties connect the people thru the government. In these days Spain has several multi-party systems at both regional and the national level. Nationally it covers only two that are the most popular political dominant parties, which are Spanish Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol) is the left-leaning, and Popular Party which leads the right-wing that describes as conservative on social questions and free market. The Popular Party is the current dominant party that represents Spain.The Spanish Socialist Party was created for the intention to represent and to protect the benefits and interests of the hard-working class of the industrial revolution in the cardinal century in the beginn ing of the democracy. In the other hand the Popular Party is the conservative political party of Spain founded in 1989, it is known as central reformist, they need to promote the total liberty for business and the state, cannot be involved in the economy.The Popular Party, recent winner of the past elections in November 2011, has plain majority in the Congress of the Representatives and Senate and governs in football team autonomous regions (Paddy Woodworth, 2011). As all political parties it uses a imputing devices that allows citizens to get their needs by the government. If society votes it gives the chance to participate in political decisions. Popular Party and Spanish Socialist Party signed in 2000 the called agreement by the liberties against the terrorism, which voided the relationships related to the terrorism of the political debate among both parties by interest aggregation.Spain currently is a country decentralized that has recognized the territorial order of the power a round the state has been called autonomous this means the government offer total liberty to the autonomous communities to government by their own. After Francos death and with the intervention of the King Juan Carlos I in the beginning of the Headquarters, a new political period was opened that was fused with the victory of the Law for the Political Reform. During the campaign all parties coordinated the elaboration of the new constitution and the establishment for the autonomy for each region. The coherence of all parties involved in the democracies will execute as they agreed, if they become elected.The Popular Party is financially support by three different aspects first they get capital from subsidies institutions for political parties, quotes and anonymous donations of participants or followers supporters, and bank credits. According to the report of the Court of Accounts of the 2003, the Popular Party had a debt of 8 million euros, being the political party with group in the Congress in owing less money (Pedro Ramirez, 2007). Now most the money they received are constituted in donations from anonymous contributions.Spains Party System is majority (more than half), which in article 68 from the Constitution in the electoral law of 1977 is based on the proportional representation system, which means each district sends several representatives to parliament, not just one.Government and the EconomyIn other terms each country has relationships between the government and the economy, in this particularly case political economy study the distribution to sell and buy goods, the exertion that declares thru customs of what is coming in and out. To see how the production of Spain is we must identify their GDP which is a equivalent of the production of goods and services in a country over a year. Below I will show you the record of Spains GDP over last twelve yearsYears2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012GDP5.03.72.73.13.33.64.13.50.9-3.7-0.10.7-1. 0*Figure 3. Real GDP growth rate hoi polloiWe can see how the GDP was maintained firm from the two thousand to the two thousand and seven, with the higher point in two thousand year with almost five percent. After that GDP falls to one percent of the total value produced in two thousand eight to two thousand nine passing from one percent to three percent negative due to the crisis and that it is called recession. The following years it still being negative with a little improvement in two thousand and eleven but went down this year as today.As we saw in two thousand and eleven the development of GDP was superior, this happened due to the value of that year has been so low because the families consume less as a result of the few incomes that they have, in sum total businesses invest little regarding the low financial procedure. As of today the internal demand do not let them increase as some families do not spend or buy goods, this lead the business are not producing as before for the recent crisis Spain has been going thru, and it is hard to obtain a loan to be able to carry the production. Banks are not giving credit loans and the labor class has been inactive as construction stop while ago when it was the well maintain before.Inflation is the increment on prices of goods and services with related to the money maintained in a specific time period.Figure 3. Real GDP growth rate volumePrincipally inflation happens because there has been little incomes, and the tax has been lower without excluding the expenses up to now that there are many ways to help to keep the situation stable by the crisis. A good example is government rise the taxes to collect more money, increasing taxes on tobacco and alcohol.Political ViolencePolitical violence means groups of people trying to intimidate the government to achieve political goals. These groups of violence people will try to get the government attention if they will not respond to their political demands. Violence could be considered as violation of human rights, war, constabulary brutality, kidnapping, torture, terrorism, revolution, dictatorship, etc.Spain has many horror stories in their history the most catastrophic attacked was in Madrid in two thousand and four. They were victims of terrorist attached produced by foot with the explosion of bombs inside the trains. One hundred ninety one people passed away and one thousand eight hundred fifty eight got injured.At the beginning of the seventys, Spain had a modern economy but a political system based on the dictatorship which was not democracy as well all the European countries. Franco named General Carrero Blanco to stay in command of the government but after six months he was murdered by ETA. In November of nineteen seventy five, the General Franco died and the constitution was changed when King Juan Carlos Borbon was named king of Spain. Just then he began the transition of the dictatorship to the democracy.

Human Rights Violations Philosophy Essay

Human Rights Violations Philosophy EssayHuman rights describe get even rights and freedom for anyone and all(prenominal)one regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion or political affiliation. All benignantitys live in societies together. As carryd by the U.N. declaration of Human Rights in 1948 All human beings be born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one other in a spirit of brotherhood. This statement defines that each and every human is entitled to all rights. Human rights are fundamental to human existence. There may be disagreement on the details of human rights, but barely any on the basic aspects of them. Human rights were always violated in human news report. Theleaders mostly oppressed concourse and did not grant their entitled human rights. Even religious leader in nigh cases were responsible for the infraction of human rights.Maslows hierarchy of needfully can attest to the basic fundamental human rights that we all share. In order to be at a aim of satisfaction an individual must meet five basic criteria. The basic needs are the physiological needs (food, water, etc), safety needs, needs of love and affection, needs for esteem, and once everything else is met, self-actualization or as Maslow describe it, the need to be and do that which a person was born to do. This ties in with human rights in that it can marry us and become equals. Even though the U.N. has made a declaration concerning human rights, we as humans should not have an international governing personify lay it out for us. Leaders, citizens, all people should know that we are all free and have rights that should be met. If not, measures should be taken to make sure that every human beings rights are not violated.History of the IssueHuman right has been constantly evolving throughout human history. They have been tied to the laws, customs and religions. An example of laws that train reference s to individual rights is the tablet of Hammurabi. This tablet was created by the Sumerian king Hammurabi about 4000 years ago. While considered barbaric in like a shots world, the system of 282 laws created a model for the effective system. This kind of model protected people from arbitrary persecution and punishment. But the problems with Hammurabis code were mostly due to its cause and effect nature, it held no protection on to a greater extent abstract nouss such as race, religion, beliefs, and individual freedoms or commonly called human rights.The term has only come into common use in the 20th century. The idea of human rights is not universal, it is the product of 17th and 18th century European thought. The idea itself does not exist in every society or civilization. This foreshorten was a major cause in 17th century England. The protection of the peoples right (mostly right to political participation, and freedom of religious belief and observance) against an oppressive disposal was the start of the English Civil War of 1640. It was also the start for another revolution called the Glorious Revolution in 1688, which then led to the English putz of Rights a year later.The Bill of Rights dealt with the fundamental concerns of that time. It subjected the King to the rule of the law like any other citizen instead of the King claiming to be divine. It protected some basic rights to justice, cruel and unusual punishments and unfair trials etc Near the end of the 18th century, the philosopher John Locke argued that it was part of Gods intrinsic law that no-one should harm anyone in their pursuit of life, liberty, possessions, and health. These rights could neer be given up. If these rights were threatened to be taken away it was necessary to do whatever to protect them. From this view the governments role was limited in that people could be not under control of a ruler without their consent. The responsibility of a government is to protect the essent ial rights of its people. This idea also led to the American Revolution with the formation of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration states that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights that among these are Life, freedom and the pursuit of Happiness which assert that premise of human rights. Even with the declaration in place, and later the constitution women were not recognized to have rights and slavery was distillery instituted throughout the whole nation.The doctrines of human rights that are in place now are a result of these ideas from early generation of thinkers. Human rights are natural in that every person owns them regardless of a system of law, religion, or government. Governments must be able to protect and respect these laws and promote them to all individuals. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was made by the U.N. in an effort to make human rights part of international law. The great est 20th century statements of natural or human rights can be dated to 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This preceded a range of international Conventions, Covenants, Declarations and other treaties that have followed the tradition. Most came from the unite Nations. But other groups have also adopted human rights standards. Some common universal rights are the right to an education, freedom, life, and the right to own property and heathenish rights. The declaration serves to protect these rights in those nations that signed it and helps make aware of nation-states that violate and suppress the rights of their own citizens.Causes and Impacts of the IssueThere are many events in history that can be traced to the cause of human rights being a focus point. These events had probable causes to why in that location are human rights violations today. One cause is the state. The state or government may impose certain laws that infringe on individuals freedoms because they believe its necessary in order to maintain power or rule in opposition. For example public humiliation, or punishment such as those taken place in some middle eastern can be seen as violations. Another cause is the lack of generosity or selfishness that states and individuals have. Companies that produce bottled water or provide it to countries often charge families more then they earn in a days wage just for water. Certain elements of cultures and religions can lead to practices that violate human rights as well.Based on these causes an increase of human rights violations has force the entire global community in the yesteryear to the future. The use of child labor has been dated back to the industrial revolution in England. According toUNICEF, there was an estimated 158 million children aged 5 to 14 in child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour. Another violation is the ongoing mass murders that occurred and/are occurring now. soon the Darfur conflict is a major hu man rights violation because the Sudanese government is destroying African Muslim communities because some among them have challenged Khartoums authoritarian rule. As a result, more than400,000 civilianshave been killed and 2.5 million people are displaced from their homes. Other violations such as racism, the Rwandan genocide, and the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo in the 1990s are examples of some human rights violations that have occurred in history. It is estimated that at least 60 million people have died in wars and human rights abuses since 1945 and this number continues to climb if no action is taken. Countries that fail to take action will see an increase in deaths due to human rights violations.Conclusion and SolutionsThere are many solutions out there to maintain the abuse of human rights. Through education and the media people can be aware of the numerous human rights violations taking place in the world today and gain some knowledge of whats going on in the world. Organiz ations have erupted in an effort to protect the rights of those that have been violated. One organization that does this is the free pardon International. Amnesty International as quoted in their website inspires hope for a better world through public action and international solidarity. We help stop human rights abuses by mobilizing our members and supporters to put pressure on governments, armed groups, companies and intergovernmental bodies. Another group is Doctors for Borders an organization created by doctors to help those in nearly 60 countries threatened by violence, neglect, or catastrophe, principally due toconflict, epidemics,malnutrition,exclusion from health care, ornatural disasters.These organizations reflect the impact of the Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration has paved the way for people to escort the potential threats of human rights abuse. I believe that the world and the people residing have had enough time to see what has occurred in the past. We need to learn from our mistakes in the past and never let such atrocities such as the torture of the Jewish families in the concentration camps, segregation in the U.S., or the gulags in Russia take place. Countries are more educated now and all should take a stand. We are all one people living under the same roof and I think human rights of all individuals should be protected. Being a Catholic, I hear sometimes hear people say to other people go to hell and they respond by Im already here. If we respected our fellow brethren and took the time help those in need, take of the earth etcwe could turn this so called hell into nirvana ourselves.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Sanity of Ophelia Es

The Impact of Madness on Ophelia of hamlet Without question, the role of madness in crossroads is as vital to the plot and the plays success as Hamlet himself neither the character nor the play would be able to function without the driving (although slightly sluggish) force that madness represents. The connection of one to the other, of character to condition, is so intertwined and embroiled that Hamlet has come to symbolize the particular form of madness (i.e. melancholy brought about by a humoral imbalance) with which he is afflicted. Indeed, any discussion of Hamlet would be grossly incomplete without an examination of the madness (or lack thereof) from which he suffers similarly, any discussion of melancholy would, perhaps, border on invalid were it to neglect the evident connection to the worlds closely famous literary example. What is overlooked, however, are the effects and the drastically different results of the same condition (or at least, a condition that closely para llels Hamlets) on the plays second most confounding character, Ophelia. Early in the play (Act 1, Scene 2), during the first of many insightful soliloquies (insightful for us as much for him), Hamlet utters, somewhat offhandedly, a summation of his feelings towards his mothers oerhasty marriage Frailty thy name is woman. Offensive though the quip may be to women of contemporary society (and any not instead passive women of Shakespeares era), Hamlets comment was, in many respects, indicative of the prevailing attitude, at least among most men, of the time. Although exceptions to the social system were far from nonexistent (Queen Elizabeth being the most obvious example), women were discriminated against to such an extent... ... New York Philosophical Library, 1970. Emerson, Kathy Lynn. The Writers Guide to Everyday Life in Renaissance England From 1485-1649. Cincinnati Writers Digest Books, 1996. Heffernan, Carol Falvo. The Melancholy Muse Chaucer, Shakespeare and Early euph ony. Pittsburgh Duquesne UP, 1995. Hoeniger, F. David. Medicine and Shakespeare in the English Renaissance. Newark University of Delaware Press, 1992. Lidz, Theodore. Hamlets Enemy Madness and Myth in Hamlet. Vision Press, 1975. Lyons, Bridget Gellert. Voices of Melancholy. New York Barnes and Noble, 1971. Schiesari, Juliana. The Gendering of Melancholia Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and the Symbolics of Loss in Renaissance Literature. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1992. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. George Lyman Kittredge. Boston Ginn and Company, 1939.

poland history Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Poles who were West Slavic people naturalised Poland in the late 5th century. autobiography was first written in the 10th century about Poland when the civilisation nation changed into Christianity in 966. Prince Mieszko I was the first ruler and his son, Boleslaw I, was the first king of Poland. This established the Piast dynasty that lasted from 966 to 1370. During the Piast dynasty there where Piast kings with a lot of rivalries from nobility and Bohemian and Germanic invasions that made Poland a very troubled country. The last king of the dynasty was Casimir III, crowned in 1333. He extended Polish influence eastward to Lithuania and Russia. He acquired Pomerania from the Teutonic Knights and shifted borders between Poland and Ger many an(prenominal). During his 37-year reign a university was established, laws were made more organized, castles grew strong, and minority groups were given protection (Grolier).The Polish nobility selected Jagello as grand duke of Lithuania i n 1836, to rule by arranging his marriage to the Polish Princess Jadwiga. The initial personal union with Lithuania was formalized only two hundred years later by the Union of Lublin in 1569 and it produced a state that extended from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south (Grolier).Polands Golden Age started when Poland won the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410 against the Teutonic Order. The Polish would deal very well with threats from other countries. It was easily devolving to rule under nobility that led the state to its disintegration (Grolier).The Polish Renaissance of the 16th century produced a flourishing of arts and intellectual life. approximately examples are the scientific work of Copernicus and the lyric poetry of Jan Kochanowski. Protestantism grew in Poland during this time and the Jewish community, which has been around Poland since the 14th century, won the right of self-government. The economic wealth at this time was based on grain exports (Grol ier).The Jagello dynasty ended in 1572, with the death of Sigismund II. The power was then transferred from aristocracy to the broader class of nobility called the szlachta. From 1573 to the last partition of Poland in 1795 the Republican Commonwealth was organized by a system of elective monarchy and of a Sejm (Parliament), meaning each noble had a vote. Even though the kings had to adopt the idea of szlachta rule, they still used their own idea... ...e the best. Two examples are the fall of Jan Olszewski, because he tried making a list of former high be communist collaborators, and the first women to be Prime Minister, Hanna Suchocka, who lost by a no-confident vote. The people split in groups and accused Walesa and the roundtable negotiators to sell out to communist when it was they that could help if the economy falls (Szczepkowski). In 1995, Walesa was beat by Aleksander Kwasniewski, whose campaign asked people to look into the future and forget about the past, for presiden cy. The church suffered because it made many efforts to influence politics and tried to influence Poland to become a post communist society, but sometimes backfired (Szczepkowski). BibliographyCulture in Peoples Poland. Ed. Tadeusz Galinski. Poland a Country of Study. Ed. Glenn E. Curtis 3rd ed. Lanham Bernan Press, 1994.Poland. Britannica Online. 2001. Encyclopedia Britannica. 12 November 2001 Poland. 1998 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Danbury Grolier Interactive Inc., 1998.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill A MockingbirdIn the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, a character genus Atticus states Courage is when you know youre vanquish before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what. Throughout history, there collect been many courageous people who have strongly demonstrated the quality of courage. Courage is a reoccurring theme that Harper Lee chooses to emphasize throughout To Kill A Mockingbird that many of her characters come after as a strong quality. However, courage is proven to be most evident through Atticus, pathfinder, and Calpurina.Atticus is truly a man of courage. Throughout, To Kill A Mockingbird he has to face many situations where a courageous decision is needed in order to help someone very important. Although there are many characters that are against Atticus decisions, he still tries to see them through knowing that the odds of succeeding are weak. Atticus definitely defines courage when he makes the decision to represent a Negro named Tom Robinson, in court. Unfortunately, many people in the town of Maycomb are prejudice and look down upon Atticus for choosing to do so. However, Atticus knowing how strongly people feel about his decision for defending a black man feels that it is something he must do. A quote from the novel symbolizing his courage is found where Jem and Scout are asking Atticus why he is defending Tom Robinson Every lawyer take a craps at least one case in his lifetime that affects him personally. This ones mine I guess. This quote represents his courage because it shows that he has a tariff and is going to do the best job he can even when he understands that the odds are against him. Atticus also displays courage when he tells Scout that you shouldnt judge someone until you have been in his or her shoes. A quote showing this is found where Scout explains to Atticus about her days misfortunes at school and how Miss Caroline tells her that she was taught the wrong way by her father First of all , Scout if you can learn a simple trick, youll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view. This quote further explains his courageous qualities because it shows that he doesnt believe in judging others until you have been in their skin, or until you know a person.

Summary Of Wuthering Heights By Emily Bronte :: essays research papers

The herd of possessed swine could have no worse spirits in them then those animals of yours, sir (7) How could readers of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights not laugh at this quote? I found the book exciting as well as awful to read. It was so difficult and hard to read, but in the destruction was worth it. The characters were the ones that made it so enjoyable to read but made it also too complicated. However, all of them were fun to ?get to know?. My favorite is Catherine. She is bratty, regretful and hopelessly selfish. I love to hate her. Then again, I also have pity on her. The combination of her up bringing, with her personality has caused her to be akin this. Take for example the reason she marries Edgar. She says ?And he will be rich and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood, and I shall be high-flown of having such a husband.? (78). It is as if she behindnot see anything but what is best for herself. Nelly talks to her, and tries to get her to see her s elfishness. Even there my point is proven. Nelly hates Catherine, even though she has the forbid feelings toward her mistress, she still can see what Catherine is doing wrong, and instead of letting Catherine go on, she tells her. Catherine is so wrapped up in herself. It is pretty annoying to read about her because she is so conceded. One of the things she says is ?But I begin to fancy you dont like me. How strange I thought, though everybody hated and despised each other, they could not avoid lovely me.? (120) I cannot even understand how someone could think that about himself or herself Catherine is so stuck up Nelly is a weird character in this book. She seems to be the mother, specially to Catherine. One of the things I like most about her is the fact she is not stupid, she understands people, but does not abuse it. Then again, she is too smart to be a maid. It really seems like she is educated. My favorite quote she says is ?I went about my household duties, convinced that the Grange had but one sensible soul in its walls, and that lodged in my body.? (119) I suppose the reason I think she is so motherly is because she is a lot like my mother, a little cheeky, knows how to control people younger than she is, smart, and can clean well.