The Power of a Magnifying Glass Essay Example for Free

The Power of a Magnifying Glass EssayThe magnification of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the users eye and the object being viewed, and the total distance between them. The magnifying advocatorfulness is equivalent to angular magnification (this should non be confused with optical office staff, which is a different quantity). The magnifying world power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the users retina with and without the lens.3 For the without contingency, it is typically assumed that the user would bring the object as cobblers last to the eye as possible without it becoming blurry. This point, known as the near point, varies with age. In a teenage child it can be as close as 5 cm, while in an senior(a) person it may be as far as angiotensin-converting enzyme or two metres. Magnifiers are typically characterized using a standard value of 0.25 m.The highest magnifying power is obtained by putting the lens in truth close to th e eye and moving the eye and the lens together to obtain the best focus. The object lead whence typically also be close to the lens. The magnifying power obtained in this condition is MP0 = + 1, where is the optical power in dioptres, and the factor of comes from the assumed distance to the near point ( m from the eye). This value of the magnifying power is the one normally used to characterize magnifiers. It is typically denoted m, where m = MP0. This is sometimes called the total power of the magnifier (again, not to be confused with optical power).Magnifiers are not always used as described above, however. It is more more comfortable to put the magnifier close to the object (one focal duration away). The eye can then be a larger distance away, and a good image can be obtained genuinely easily the focus is not very sensitive to the eyes exact position. The magnifying power in this case is roughly MP = . A typical magnifying glass might have a focal length of 25 cm, correspo nding to an optical power of 4 dioptres. Such a magnifier would be sold as a 2 magnifier. In actual use, an observer with typical eyes would obtain a magnifying power between 1 and 2, depending on where lens is held. Using this principle, a magnifying glass can also be used to focus light, such as to concentrate the suns radiation to create a hot pick out at the focus.

Asses the Merits of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Asses the Merits of Utilitarianism EssayUtilitarianism is a hypothesis aimed at defining one simple basis that can be applied when making any honourable decision. It is based on a humans natural instinct to seek delight and avoid vexation. Jeremy Bentham is wide regarded as the father of utilitarianism. He was born in 1748 into a family of lawyers and was himself, training to join the profession. During this process save, he became disillusioned by the state British law was in and set out to reform the organisation into a perfect one based on the ?Greatest Happiness Principle, ? the idea that pleasurable consequences be what qualify an motion as cosmos honourablely good. Bentham observed that we are solely governed by pain and pleasure we all naturally aim to seek pleasure and avoid pain. He then unflinching that the best moral principle for governing our lives is one which uses this, the ? Greatest Happiness Principle. This is that the amount of overall satisfacti on or un contentment that is caused by an action should determine whether an action is right or wrong.He stated, ? the superior happiness of all those whose interest is in point is the right and proper, and only right and proper finish up of human action Here Bentham is saying that the principle is the only valid of deciding and justifying our actions, that the principle should be applied regardless of any other(a)s, as it is the only true and reliable way of defining whether an action is right or wrong. An advantage of utilitarianism is that it can be applied to any situation.Un equivalent many moral approaches you are non restricted by rules such as ? it is always wrong to lie, or ? cleansing is never right. This allows the philosopher to consider any dilemma or problem in its own specific context. For workout applying Kantian ethics, abortion or euthanasia would have to be defined as wrong, however a utilitarian has the scope to make there own decision considering a rang e of factors and situations.Bentham realised that because this theory is based on the outcome of our actions it may be difficult to assess fairly which action go forth produce the most happiness. He therefore developed the ? hedonistic calculus, a form of calculating the happiness resulting from an act by assessing 7 varied factors of the pleasure produced such as intensity and duration.In doing this Bentham was attempting to create well-nigh sort of happiness ? currency which would allow us to compare happiness as if it were heedful in numbers, this of course cannot be possible, the thought of existence able to compare different pleasures almost scientifically is just not feasible, and of course many pleasures rely on the context they occur in for example, if I were starving, a sandwich might seem the greatest affair in the world, however, if I went out for an high-priced gourmet meal and was served a simple sandwich I expect I would be sooner disappointedAnother problem wit h Benthams philosophy is that he would not distinguish between pleasure and pain, plainly defining them as the uniform subject.In my opinion pleasure is generally a momentary thing whilst happiness is a to a greater extent lasting and consistent thing. One might gain pleasure from sitting observation TV all day long. However in doing he is missing work and so will end up with no job and no money to support himself (and pay his TV licence ) and will presumably be left unhappy. So, as instituted by this example, pleasure is not necessarily happiness and Bentham, was mistaken to define them together The usefulness of his calculus, and the way Bentham defined pleasure came into question from one of his students, J.S.Mill who found his approach too general and simplistic. Mill rejected Benthams idea that all pleasures are the same and can be compared, he felt that there were different types or ? levels of pleasure, and that or so are more desirable or valuable than others. He decid ed that some pleasures or more desirable and meaningful than others, that there are ? higher and ? lower pleasures, the lower being animal pleasures such as the satisfaction of a full stomach, having a drink when your thirsty, sex etc.These are the same kinds of pleasures that an animal would experience and therefore if one only strives for these pleasures they are not much different to an animal. The other pleasures Mill described were ? higher more desirable, pleasures such as reading a good record or enjoying the opera. This image however poses a big problem. How can one reasonably calculate pleasure as a whole if there are different ? levels of pleasure, and how much more worth does a higher pleasure carry than a lower pleasure?These pleasures would also be rated differently by different people, some might much rather watch TV than a play so TV would therefore make them happier. If an act is right because it makes one feel happy, then for the person watching TV would therefore be the right thing to do. There are sometimes slightly different criterions used in Utilitarianism. There are two different forms, ? positive and ? negative utilitarianism, ? positive quest to maximise good and ? negative to minimise suffering or misemploy.The latter however seems to defeat the concept of the ? greatest good as minimising harm is not necessarily making people happy, for example not inflicting harm on someone is not really going to contribute to their happiness, it may prevent them from being unhappy, but as specified earlier, the goal of utilitarianism is happiness. ?Negative utilitarianism seems to encourage laziness, to enforce the attitude that it is better to do nothing than take an action that could possibly cause pain. There are two general types of utilitarianism. consummation utilitarianism is basically what Bentham discussed, an act being right if it creates the greatest happiness, it relies on this one simple formula being applied to every single act. T his method is one that virtually comes naturally and is scientific in its approach, however it has been criticised as sometimes justifying something which one would intuitively regard as wrong. An example often used to demonstrate this in a neighbourhood where there is a lot of racially motivated disruption and force a member of one of the involved races is raped by a member of the ? rival race.The honcho officer of the law knows exactly who committed the disgust and it can easily be proven. However by sentencing this man the community will learn of the crime and there would almost certainly be a riot causing mass destruction and probably multiple deaths. However he could easily throw away the case and the crime would go unnoticed. According to act utilitarianism it would be best to ignore the case and not press charges, as it would lead to the maximum happiness to the community ? no riots, death etc. This plain seems to completely go against what most people see as right and fa ir and completely pit ones natural moral response.In an effort to try and avoid these incidents rule utilitarianism was created. This is where rules are drawn up using utilitarian principles. Rule utilitarians assess a specific act such as ignoring crime and not providing justice to the victim, rather than investigating every single act in its own psyche context. Rule utilitarianism seems to avoid the potential injustices that could be permitted with act utilitarianism. profess utilitarianism seems to exclude the aspects of utilitarianism that make it more likable than other theories of morality, the freedom to assess every single act in its own individual context.Act Utilitarianism, like any other ? list of rules approach to morality can be wrong in certain situations and encourages people to blindly follow rules. Utilitarianism is a reality, not just a theory like many other philosophies it is practiced every day, for instance the vote system. This ongoing practice of utilitari anism in clubhouse has show that it is flawed. Just because the masses vote for something, doesnt make it right. The masses can be fooled, as in Nazi Germany for example, thousands of people were behind Hitler even though his actions were undeniably evil.Utilitarianism is a logical system, but it requires some sort of basic, firm rules to prevent such gross injustices, violations of human rights, and just obviously wrong thing ever being allowed. This could be the ? harm principle which Mill devised. ?Acts of whatever kind, which, without justifiable cause, do harm to others, may be, and in the more important cases absolutely require to be, controlled by the unfavorable sentiments, and, when needful, by the bustling interference of mankind. The liberty of the individual must(prenominal) be thus far limited he must not make himself a nuisance to other people.

Robert Brownings The Laboratory and Carol Ann Duffys Havisham Essay Example for Free

Robert Brownings The Laboratory and Carol Ann Duffys Havisham renderThe Laboratory by Robert Browning and Havisham by Carol Ann Duffy are dickens poesys which are representations of a womans penalise and fury that takes place when angered by a manly. It is a guide to what havoc a womans wrath can commence plainly to get her revenge digest. We also come to realise as to what continuance a woman can go and the malicious capacities she displays out of revenge. It shows that the actions of a man can second the character of a woman from a calm, loving individual into that of a ferocious, almost wicked one. This is coined in a famous phrase Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned.In Carol Ann Duffys poem we see how outraged she is, as in the title of the poem she only mentions Havisham without specifying that she is lack Havisham resenting the fact that she has been rejected by her lover. In heart breaking desperation she curses Not a twenty-four hour period since then I h avent wished him dead. Bitter resentment brought even a change in her life as the verse clearly shows Whole days in bed cawing She degrades herself to the state of an animal, even a unaccompanied one because she came unsocial.Due to his actions, she stereotypes every male and distrusts them as shown in the phrase Give me a male corpse for a long s low gear honeymoon. Similarly, in Robert Brownings poem we see a woman regretting having indisputable a male however she is a lot outraged by the fact that the husband has betrayed her, so she curses and plans to off her competitor. She seems desperate to get her revenge back, but also enjoy the time it takes to plan her murder. Both poems show the phrase, Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned which means that even brilliance does not have the fury or rage to match a woman who has been deceived. This phrase was usually used when women started to have equal rights as men.Although these poems drivel similar meaning, revenge is ex pressed in antithetic ways. In Carol Ann Duffys poem Havisham we see that the victim shows great signs of rejection, although she feels that she is powerless to do anything. She is constantly assured(predicate) of her situation and curses her lover for his actions. Havisham seems very supine and pathetic, while the person in Robert Brownings poem seems much more aggressive, responsive and strong to her situation. Havisham is so mentally unstable that she is only able to hope evil things willing happen to him, reminiscent of a kid who is powerless to do anything when opposed by someone larger than them.The woman in Robert Brownings poem is possibly trying to reclaim back some power by planning to actually use physical force on the target. We can also total from these facts that the two women differ in ages. Havisham is obviously the older woman as she describes herself in the sentence ropes on the back of my hands, which may mean that her skin is fragile such as that of an old person or from so much tensing and being angry. Her old age could also explain why she has such a passive personality. We see that she is very frustrated as she uses inappropriate language in the oxymoronic phrase Beloved peach tree bastard. This shows more resentment and hatred to the husband. While in Robert Brownings poem we see that the woman is very aware of her beauty and she says Shes not little, no minion like me This may suggest that her rival is larger, therefore unattractive. Since we know that she is young and more energetic, it could be why she is deciding to use physical force.These two women feel pretty much the same about the men who disturbed them however, we see that in Havisham the woman detests all males, whilst in Robert Brownings poem we see that the woman wants another chance with the husband as she says on the last line Ere I know it next moment I dance at the Kings. Both women have very low self esteem as they cannot take it that they have been left and the man has departed. They cannot accept their own constituent and this has made them very weak and they cannot keep control of their own lives.The woman in The Laboratory resents her rival who has attracted her husband. She feels that removing her rival would relieve oneself things better and also she thinks that she will have her husband back as shown in the phrase next moment I dance at the Kings. In Havisham the lady bear a grudge to the man who has left her on the wedding her and she is astounded to be Spinster. In the phrase her, myself she is does not even experience who she is and clearly does not want to be in such position. She clearly wants to cause damage but because of the circumstance she does not even bother as in the sentence money box I suddenly bite awake and Bang.Both of these women are mentally unstable. In Havisham, we see that she has disconnected the power of speech. Since she has no-one to talk to she often makes animal noises as she believes that she ha s been rejected like an animal. This is in the phrase cawing Nooooo at the wall and Puce curses that are sounds not words., this also shows us that animals caw and make noises so we can derive that she is already mentally stable in behaving the ways she is.She has remained in her wedding dress since the day she was hypothetic to get married, this suggest that she will do anything to get married and cannot carry on without getting married. In Robert Brownings poem, we see that the lady is deranged as she imagines very evil thoughts towards her rivals Pauline and Elise. She has a certain merriment watching the apothecary which is very unusual and suggests that she is missing pleasure from being with her husband. Both women are sexually frustrated at the fact that they have been left for someone else and they considered themselves degraded.In these poems a lot of medieval literature is used throughout to emphasize on the severity and longing of a male partner. It explores unwiseness and isolation and is set in very old houses which fit the scene of horror and evil. The poem contains umpteen supernatural and decay in them and vivid description of death and mysterious things. Both women act in an uncivilised manner such as the phrase the dress yellowing which could mean that she does not change them and urinates in them. This also makes her seem like an animal. In The Laboratory we see that the woman goes to a secret contraband place to an alchemist for making her poison. This is all associated with gothic literature.Both poems carry very similar meanings and are expressed in different ways and the supposed audience is for people who treat women as possessions and does not recognise them as a favour. Both women have reacted in very different manners but carry a same important meaning. It reinforces the fact that women may cause ultimate harm if provoked and make men more aware of them. The women are similar because they have experience the same thing, they are just reacting in different ways to each other. Which way is more efficient is another question.

The abolitionist Essay Example for Free

The abolitionist EssayMy free life began on the third of September, 1838. On the morning of the 4th of that month, after an burning and most perilous but safe journey, I found myself in the big city of sweet York, a free man, one more added to the mighty throng which, like the confused waves of the troubled sea, surged to and fro in the midst of the lofty w alls of Broadway. (Douglass, 1962) Frederick Douglass, indeed, was well prepared to enter the abolitionist crusade in August 1841 as a lecturer for the mommy Anti-Slavery Society. Concerned with any publicity that could expose him to discoery and arrest by his master, In August 1841, after delivering his first speeches before a predominantly unobjectionable abolitionist audience at Nantuckets Atheneum Hall, Douglass was invited to become a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. Douglass at first declined the invitation, but John A. Collins, world(a) agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, refused to take no for an answer, and Douglass reluctantly accepted his request.His preparation began during his twenty-year enslavement, and by the time he escaped from slavery in 1838, he had gained valuable experiences that contributed to his understanding of rhetoric and his identity as an orator. (Lampe, 1998, pg 1) Frederick Douglass It is no surprise, then, that people began to question whether Douglass had ever been a slave. How, they wondered, could anyone who had been a slave and deprived of a formal facts of life speak so eloquently and conduct himself with so much dignity and grace on the political platform? During all these activities Douglass demonstrated his deep and abidingcommitment to the antislavery movement.He weathered unfriendly audiences, health problems, inclement weather, and assaults on the abolitionist cause. The conventional view of Douglass at this stage of his career is that he confined his remarks to a simple narrative of his slave experiences, that he was very much under the wing of Garrison and the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, and that he adhered strictly to Garrisonian doctrine. Everywhere he went he attracted large and enthusiastic audiences and infused excitement into the crusade against slavery.Douglass verbalise he was always ready to speak on slavery,and added, in reply to some one who craved to have his name and that of the preceding speaker announced, and that he was afraid we cared too much to know who it is that speaks, or else of weighing well what was said. Douglass traveled extensively without the Bay State delivering his antislavery message. His rhetorical activities included noble speaking performances at county, state, regional, and national antislavery meetings, as well as a solo lecture circuit of Massachusetts. In addition, he played a crucial role in a lecture hobble of Cape Cod, in which he traveled with William Lloyd Garrison, Henry C.Wright, and George Bradburn. In all of these activities, Dougla ss strengthened his standing as a powerful voice in the struggle for immediate abolition. A number of historians, recognizing the insufficiency and shortcomings of the white missionary effort, have emphasized instead the role of raw preachers in spreading Christianity. There is, of course, big truth in one Southern clergymans observation that the colored people will, in spite of all our efforts, have more confidence in the views of leading colored members. At the same time, however, evidence suggests that black preachers intent on spreading the gospel to the unconverted faced considerable barriers, as Fanny Kemble witnessed in Georgia in 1839 There were a short time ago two free black preachers in this neighborhood, but they have lately been ejected from the place. I could not clearly learn, but one may possibly imagine, upon what grounds. (Rael, 1997) Frederick Douglass, who spoke after Garnet at the Convention, denounced the idea of a violent rebellion.Douglass, an eloquent e x-slave from Maryland, was the leading African American spokesperson of the time. Although he had been Garrisons protege and friend, they eventually had a public and dramatic falling out over differing interpretations of the Constitution. Whereas Garrison regarded the Constitution as a pro-slavery document, even going so far as to publicly burn it, Douglass took the wording of the Constitution to imply federal authority to either restrict or stamp out slavery. (PBS Africans).1843 was to be the year of the Hundred Conventionsa hundred antislavery meetings planned by the American Anti slavery Society. The goal of a hundred was never actually reached, but Douglass himself spoke at nearly that more meetings in 1843 as he traveled across New England, upstate New York, Ohio and Indiana, and back through Pennsylvania, gaining an increasingly strong and independent voice. While preaching against slavery as it existed in the South, he make constant references to what he was facing now in t he Northa North that would not jibe him equality.He believed fervently that the ending of slavery would mean the beginning of full manhood for his brothers and himself. With its end, they and he would be paid attention to, would be respected. Somehow, it was slavery that had bred the poison of racism. In the company of devoted proponents of universal reform, he did not waver in his belief that slavery was the one overjustifying evil that had to be gotten rid of before any other goals, however desirable, should be sought.

Social networking Essay Example for Free

accessible networking EssayAfter investigating social networking sites (SNS) and their consequences on todays society, I lay down come up with disparate views and I was not able to decide whether they influence in a positive way or in the negative way. In my view if each SNS lend oneselfr considered some boundaries for themselves regarding their occupation or opposite questions, relating their age the employment of SNS does not ca lend oneself any threat or harm.The huge disadvantage of these sites is that we argon not aw are of the other persons true identity but as I said forward by considering some boundaries, mean not providing confidential discipline we foot secure us from diametrical types of safety issues. Social Networking is a way which is used to socialize via the internet and portable devices.During my research I have read a Time online article Is social networking a waste of m? and set up that in organisations the loss of productivity is because of emp loyees multi-tasking between actual work and social network which I go forth discuss further on in this essay. As I moved forward on this research I gain more(prenominal) information about SNS and found another useful article Is my aloofness is intelligent for society in which experts has discussed the SNS effects on our society. This research along with class discussions and handouts entrust relieve oneself this research project.As I mentioned before SNS users has to consider boundaries regarding their occupation, if they are going to ignore this point they will not produce beneficial results, such as employees at work place use the SNS to go along to their families or friends they ignorenot put as much effort as they spouse to towards their job which will be result for company in loss of productivity. An estimate shows that British industry loss i 6. 5 billion per annum productivity and uncertain bandwidth usage.Lets look at the student progress in High civilize for a whi le a Global Secure System performed a survey on d English school children between the age of 13 and 17. The result of this survey shows that 51% of student sustain to being on SNS to check their profiles during lessons and over a quarter declare that they spend more than 30 minutes on SNS each day at school. All these result shows that teens are actually heartbreaking about social networking. For them failing to attend to these duties could end friendships and go down their reputations.On the University level the use of SNS are same as in other educational areas. But I have notice that after being encouraged and directed by their professors student have made good use of these resources. A lecturer at John Cabot University in Rome reveal that he encourage the students to be creative, to promote their online student newspaper which just over a year from launch is pulling in progressively rising traffic. No doubt all the blog, Facebook and MySpace mentions are helping.He had stude nts who use social networking sites to ground and promote projects on fighting poverty and eradicating hunger, organising music gigs art and photo exhibitions plus arrange outfit ups for political rallies. An assistant professor of Telecommunication Information Studies and Media at Michigan State University believe that SNS have made us better off as a society and individuals. By the passage of time we will see increase in SNS utility as more population will arrogate it.Political activities organized via Facebook, Job found through LinkedIn and growing amount of academic research on SNS are the evidence of positive outcomes of this technology. During the last three years a research has been carried out by a team at the Michigan State university to find out wherefore individuals would voluntarily use a site that based on media reports, offer only a way to disclose information they should not reveal, collect hundreds of friends they did not know and waste time which can be spent o n studies.In this research they done a survey to understand the benefit individuals receive from their relationships with other on SNS. They found that individuals are able to receive information and ideas from the peck they dont know very sur boldness. They are use Facebook to increase the size of their social network and therefore their access to more information and various perspectives. To happen upon SNS from psychological point I want to state the views of a psychology professor William Reader at Sheffield Hallam University.He thinks it is difficult to say with any degree of assurance that SNS influence in a good way or bad way. He believe that SNS may help to make friends without engaging in face to face contact with people but face to face contact are very important. Shared attitudes are important for friendship. We know that people like to join together with people who are like them. The more similar we are to our friends the less room there is for argument on interest. In his opinions SNS will never replace face to face communication in the development of close friendships.Anyone can post you are cool on the Facebook but genuine smiles and laughs are a much more dependable signs of someones suitability as a trustworthy friend. We can realize that many people on SNS are meeting with other people before they meet each other face to face. As a result of this when many students begin university they find themselves with a group of readymade associates. Given peoples liking for people who are like them growing the development of homogeneous friendship networks.In a way this cannot be considered as a good situation, choosing potential friends via Facebook profiles, it mean that people cut themselves off from unexpected encounters with those who are apparently different from them, ethnically, socio-economically and even in term of musical taste. A former Apple marketing director and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution Steve Chazin believe that this technology has changed our lives for the better, but at a cost. It provides great benefits but also the way we use to live are changing and everybody cannot happily adopt these changes.In their opinions tools provided by SNS have improved the quality of peoples lives and made it nearly effortless for us to keep in touch with friends, family, colleagues and also have increased the chances to make new friends and create a community. The negatives are that all the sharing of information can lead to some harmful situations like recruiters can assess young professionals profiles which are applying for jobs by hacking into their SNS accounts and make decision on based of the accessed information. As well as becoming computer addicted and committing suicide can also become a matter due to the SNS.Now having researched into social networking my views are still the same as I originally supposition but now I have more knowledge, a better understanding of social networking and why peopl e do it. Also I realize that negative impact of SNS can be lessen by encouraging and directing the users in positive way e. g. education, advertising etc Also I was immensely delighted to discover individuals views regarding the future which they believe we can interact with others on the Web, by having truly immersive face to face video conversations and experience a fusion of our real and cyber worlds where second life becomes second nature.

Dtmf Based Water Controller Essay Example for Free

Dtmf Based urine ascendence EssayAlong with these problems there is no facility for protection from unauthorized user price of admission to the system shimmy. Why use Intelligent Water Pump? 1)Manual switching is not beneficial in if user is far away from switching station. 2)Timer found switching circuits are beneficial if duration of hitch operation is fixed. merely most of the cases it is not fixed. 3)General remote switching facility provides the efficient solution for these problem. But it is to a fault affected with the parameter range of operation. Intelligent Water Pump provides the exact solution for these problems. It uses the experience of microcontroller on with the powerful peripherals. It uses GSM intercommunicate which is now a days available in most of the places. It also provides password protection facility to protect the system from unauthorized use. It not on provides the remote switching of the system but also provides the status of system electri cal energy to the user. The system provides instant access along with uncommon voice interaction facility. Operation . GSM network- GSM stands for Global System for lively Communication It provides the network service for communication to both user controller side fluid phone. 2. User side brisk phone- User sends the accessing commands to the Pump control unit using his mobile phone. Users mobile phone also plays the received voice feedback messages from Pump control system. 3. Controller side mobile phone- Controller use this mobile phone to detect presence of call users commands( in the form of DTMF com wanderer code) from headset output. in any case voice feedback messages are put on the Mic i/p of this mobile. 4. Ring detector- When user get ahead the call , at that time the presence of ring on receiver mobile phone is detected by this circuit to inform the controller that user wants to access the system. 5. DTMF decoder- When user enters the picking,the decoder IC8870 decodes the choice equivalent binary no. are available on its o/p(Q1 to Q4). Whenever new code comes ,the DTMF decoder will pulse low (STB pin) informing microcontroller that codes are available please take them. 5. words circuit-All the voice messages required to inform the user about controlling action are stored in the voice rom(IC APR 9600). As per the trigger and control i/p from microcontroller, speech circuit put several(prenominal) voice message on the mic i/p of controller side mobile phone. 6. Controller- Microcontroller(89S52) keeps co-ordination among all peripherals. Whenever call is detected it takes controlling action according to users choice and plays respective voice messages for users acknowledgment. It also provides controlling signal for switching circuit as per electricity status user choice. . Switching tour of duty - It is basically a causal agentr circuit which provides the making and pause of ac mains to the water pump as per signal from controller . It consist of electromechanical relay and relay driver(IC2803) to drive it. 8. Water Pump- Water Pump is a load which is to be controlled by intelligence of microcontroller based system. 9. AC mains detector- This block detects the presence of AC mains. Controller check the status of this block onwards providing ON switching signal to the Water pump.Also availability of electricity can be judged from this block. 10. agent Supply- It provides necessary power to system components as per requirement for their operation. It provides the regulated power supply along with Battery Backup facility. Block diagram of Intelligent Water Pump pic User Side Mobile GSM Network Controller Side Mobile Mobile Ring Detector DTMF Decoder Speech Circuit Power Supply To All Blocks C O N T R O L L E R Water Pump AC mains Detector Switching Circuit Mic i/p Headset

Structure And Properties Of Ibuprofen

Structure And Properties Of isobutylphenyl propionic acid isobutylphenyl propionic acid, which is a member of the propionic unpleasant group of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, drugs (NSAIDs). Ibuprofen is a racemic mixture of +S- and -R-enantiomers. Ibuprofen contains contains a stereocenter in the -position of thepropionate mediety. Studies shown that +S - isobutylphenyl propionic acid was the active form and it showed natural process in both in-vivo and in-vitro.Ibuprofen is white to off-white in colour and occurs as a vapourous powder, with a melting point of 74 to 77C. It is practically insoluble in urine, but promptly soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone. Ibuprofen has a pKa value of 4.430.03 and an n-octanol/water partition coefficient of 11.7 at pH 7.4. The chemical name for ibuprofen is ()-2-(p-iso-butylphenyl) propionic acid. The molecular(a) weight of ibuprofen is 206.28. Its molecular formula is C13H1802.Mechanism of actionThe major action of Ibupr ofen and all separate Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and is the suppression of the cyclooxygenase enzyme or the COX enzymes and hence inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. These cyclooxygenase enzymes catalyse the reaction of synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid, which in turn is synthesized from phospholipids by the action of the phospholipase enzyme. The prostaglandins and thromboxanes ar then responsible for the synthesis of various inflammatory mediators. in that respect are two types of cyclooxygenase enzymes namely, cyclooxygenase enzyme-I (COX-I) and cyclooxygenase enzyme-II (COX-II). COX-I is a constitutive enzyme which is released in most of the trunk tissues including the blood platelets. COX-I performs a house-keeping role in the eubstance and is involved in the tissue homeostasis. Whereas, COX-II is present in the inflammatory cells and is responsible for the production of prostanoid mediators, which are responsible for inflammation, pain and fever. Therefore, stifling of the COX-II leads to the anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activity of ibuprofen and whereas on the otherwise hand, inhibition of COX-II is responsible for the unwanted effects of ibuprofen in the gastric mucosa and on platelet aggregation.In 2002, a study reported that, ibuprofen selectively inhibits a spick-and-span variantof theCOX enzyme that was totally differentfrom thethen known two variants of cyclooxygenase enzymes, the COX-I andCOX-II. This iso-enzyme is now referred as the COX-III enzyme. Study too showed that this COX-III enzyme was only expressed in thebrain andin thespinal cord. Its exactmechanicsand actions is still poorly understood, but future researchmay providefurther insight into how it works. A study on rats has shown that administration of ibuprofen increases thebioavailability of serotonin (5-HT) in rats and evidence for a similar weaponin humans was also found. Chronic ibuprofen doses in ra t showed down-regulation of central 5-HT2A receptors andan increasein thenumber of serotonin transporter proteins.In 2006, a study showed that ibuprofen is converted to N-arachidonoyl phenolamine, or AM404, a compound known as an endogenous cannabinoid reuptake inhibitor and it indirectly activates theCB-I cannabinoid receptor, resultingin analgesia. This activity was proven through with(predicate) theinduction of a CB-I receptor antagonistwhichresulted in thereversal of theanalgesic actionof ibuprofen.PharmacokineticsAbsorptionIbuprofen is well absorbed from the gastro intestinal folder. The peak plasma level of ibuprofen is reached within 1 to 2 hours. It was shown in a study that absorption of ibuprofen is faster in fasting conditions. Food affects the rate of absorption of ibuprofen but the extent of absorption remains unchanged. The study also showed that, ibuprofen when administered with forage delays the time taken for peak plasma concentration by approximately 30-60 minu tes.DistributionIbuprofen interchangeable the other agents of its class is highly protein butt. It was found in a study that about 90-99% of ibuprofen was protein bound at a concentration of 20g/ml and this binding was non-linear. The spate of distribution ibuprofen changes with age and fever conditions. Studies reveal that febrile childrens less than 11 years old confuse volume of distribution approximately 0.2 L/kg, while adults have volume of distribution approximately 0.12 L/kg. metabolismIbuprofen is extensively metabolised in the liver to form inactive metabolic compounds. Ibuprofen is mainly metabolised by glucoronidation reaction. A study showed that majority of the ibuprofen dose was recovered in the urine as hydroxy phenyl propionic acid (25%) and carboxy propyl phenyl propionic acid (37%) metabolites.EliminationIbuprofen and its inactive metabolites are rapidly and completely excreted by the kidney. About 95% of the administered dose of ibuprofen is eliminated in the urine. The elimination half-life of ibuprofen is in the draw of 1.9 hours to 2 hours.Pharmacological activityIbuprofen has the following pharmacological actions on the biological systemantipyretic effect painkiller effectAnti-inflammatory effectAntipyretic effectA recipe body temperature is regulated by a centre in the hypothalamus that ensures a balance between heat way out and heat production in the body. Therefore, the hypothalamus maintains a normal temperature of the body and thus it acts as a thermostat. When in that location is a disturbance in this hypothalamic thermostat, temperature of the body set by the hypothalamus is raised, fever occurs. Ibuprofen and other Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reset this rise in the temperature. It regulates various temperature regulatory mechanisms such as dilation of trivial blood vessels, sweating and so forth to reduce the temperature. Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs do not affect the normal temperature.Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs are thought to act as antipyretic agents by inhibiting the prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus. During an inflammatory reaction, the bacterial endotoxins cause a release of a pyrogen-IL-1 from macrophages. This release of pyrogen stimulates the generation of E-type prostaglandins in the hypothalamus, this in turn causes the elevation of temperature. There are evidences that prostaglandins are not the only mediators of fever, hence ibuprofen and other NSAIDs may have some alternate mechanisms for their antipyretic activity which is not yet known.Analgesic effectIbuprofen is mainly effective against pain associated with inflammation or tissue damage. This is due to the inhibition of prostaglandins that sensitise nociceptors to inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin. Therefore ibuprofen is effective against pains that are associated with change magnitude prostaglandin synthesis. Their ability to relieve headache may be related to the inhibition of the vasodilator effect o f prostaglandins on the cerebral vasculature. There are some evidences that ibuprofen have a central effect by an action mainly in the spinal cord where it inhibits the COX-III enzyme. This action of ibuprofen is not yet intelligibly known.Anti-inflammatory activityMany chemical mediators are released when there is a stimulus of an inflammatory and supersensitised response. This response leads to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, cell accumulation, etc., which are produced by several mechanisms. Furthermore, different mediators may be of particular importance in different inflammatory and allergic conditions. Ibuprofen reduces mainly those components of the inflammatory and repellent response in which mediators produced by COX-II enzyme action plays a significant part. The components inhibited by ibuprofen are vasodilation, oedema and pain. Ibuprofen has no effect on those processes which contribute to tissue damage as in chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheum atoid arthritis, vasculitis and nephritis.Uses of ibuprofenIbuprofen is use to treat a wide range of illnesses such as headaches, backache, menstrual cramps, dental pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, muscular pain, migraine, arthritis and athletic injuries. Ibuprofen is also used to reduce fever and to relieve minor aches and pain caused due to gross cutting or flu.In a recent study, it was found that ibuprofen was effective in the treatment of Alzheimers disease when given in low doses over a long period of time. A study also showed that ibuprofen is associated with a lower peril of Parkinsons disease, and ibuprofen may help in delaying and prevent it.. unbecoming effects of IbuprofenIbuprofen appears to havethelowestincidence of unfortunatedrugreactions(ADRs)when compared to all othernon-selectiveNSAIDs. However, this only holdstrueat lower doses of ibuprofen. Common adverseeffects of ibuprofen with the gastrointestinal tract include nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn, gastrointestin al ulceration and bleeding, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, stomach pain. Effects on central nervous system include headache, dizziness, fatigue and nervousness. Hypersensitivity reactions include skin rashes, itching. In really rare cases ex-foliative dermatitis and epidermal necrolysis has been observed. Infrequentadverseeffect includes- oesophageal ulceration, heart failure, hyperkalaemia, renal impairment, confusion,bronchospasm, andsalt andfluid retention 11PhotosensitivityLike the other agents of the NSAIDs,ibuprofen has also been reported to bea photosensitisingagent.1213However, this only rarely occurs with ibuprofen andit is considered to bea very unaccented photosensitisingagentwhen compared with other members of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This is because theibuprofen molecule containsonly a single phenyl moiety andnobondconjugation,resultingin a very weak chromophore system anda very weak absorption spectrumwhichdoes not reachinto thesolar spectrum.Cardiovascul ar riskIbuprofen has been reported to elevate theriskof myocardial infarction,particularly amongthose taking chronicallyhighdoses of ibuprofen 14Risk in pregnancyStudies havefound an increased riskof miscarriagewith theuse of ibuprofen in early pregnancy however, there are no thorough findings inthis association.There are alsoconcernsthat drugs suchas ibuprofen may interfere with implantation of theearly foetus, although a clear risk has not been established. When ibuprofen is used as directed in thefirstandsecond trimester of pregnancy,it is not associated with an increased riskfor birth defects. However, ibuprofen is generally not usedduringpregnancy because there are concernswith theiruse duringthethird trimester.Ibuprofen overdoseIbuprofen is the most commonly and widely used Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent all over the world. Since, ibuprofen was licensed as an over the counter drug, ibuprofen overdose became a common phenomenon.The most common symptoms of ibuprofen overd ose are unsteadiness, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, gastrointestinal, nausea plus vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pain, seeming loss of blood in intestinal areas or stomach or both, headache, agitation, drowsiness, incoherence and confusion etc. Sometimes more serious symptoms are also noticed in some victims, such as seizure, gastrointestinal bleeding, metabolic acidosis, respiratory depression, hyperkalaemia, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, coma, hepatic dysfunction, renal failure, cyanosis, and cardiac arrest etc., however these symptoms are very rare. Theseverity of symptoms varies with the ingested doseandthetime elapsed. However, individual sensitivity also playsan importantrole. Generally,thesymptoms observed with an overdoseof ibuprofen are similar to thesymptoms caused byan overdose of other NSAIDs.Doses of ibuprofen below 100 mg/kg are less likely to produce any toxic effects. But doses of ibuprofen above 400 mg/kg are considered an overdose and can result into any of the above consequences.